Guest Commentary: Isaac Asimov And The Three Laws
Interview With
The 6502 Resource Magazine Commodore's
PET • Apple • Atari • OSI • KIM • SYM • AIM New Marketing VP
COMPUTB
The Journal For Progressive Computing
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November, 1981 Issue 18 Vol, 3, No,
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An Atari Data IVIanagement Program
AnAppie Primer:
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Commodore's Super PET Reveoied
Insiglit: Atari
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November, 1981 Issue 18
COMPUTE!
Table of Contents
November. 1981, Vol. 3, No.
The Editor's Notes fcbert LO': k J
Computers And Society David D Thornbury, o
Ask Ttie Readers l-;r,beri Lcck Rict'iaro Monsfieid And Readeis. U
Guest Commentarj/: The Ttiree Laws Isaac Asimov. 18
Ttie Beginner's Page Pic.hcjrd Moi istield ?0
Basically Useful BASIC: A Flower Sole Program Cetei Deoi. 2c,
SuperPETs Super Software leiiy Wiil<inson 26
SuperPET: A Preview Bili Maclean. 38
Japanese Micros: A First Look Andy Gamble 41-'
Teiecommunications. What Is It? [v/lictioel E Doy, -18
Bits, Bytes And Basic Boole I ovio O V\/iilian>i. 5-J
TLie Practical Side Of Assembly Language Port II:
Loops And Arrays Biuce 1) Corbrey ;i2
Introduction To BInar/ Numbers, Part 1 "nariei rifonnon, 69
Ttie Apple Gazette 71
An Apple Primer , Gcjry I r , /'I
Page Flipper: Five Hires And Four Lores Pages
For Thie Apple Pi hnKji.cjrr-.Hliuh /'I
Ttie Atari Gazette 82
Atari Data Mangement/Dotabose System: An Atari Database
With Applicotion Generation Feotures R'or-old Marcuse S?
A Program For Writing Programs On The
Atari 400/800 Computers fiovid [) Tt lori ibury. v^
INSIGHT: Atari Bill Wilkinson, 98
Atari Timing Delays Jrn C aik 104
Printing Numbers That Moke Cents Tino holcomb. 108
Formatting input Kenneth J Freese. 109
Typing SHOOT 110
TextPloi 1. Rhodes fai art! ior 114
Assembler Update Eric Brandon 118
Maypole Louis & Helen Maikoyo, 1 19
Atari Progrom Listings 119
The OSI Gazette 120
OSI Relocation Or Whafs NEW? Mark Guzdiai. 120
Doto Handling Paul Mullef. 123
Keyboard Conversion Program For The OSI C1P? (.Vir i. in 1 1'' \\n iifiKer 1l''^i
The PET Gazette 127
COMPUTE! Inven/iew: Kit Spencer, CBM's New US Marketing Director 1.'/
COMPUTE! Ovefview: Power I _v
The PET Speaks Kenr fctti Fini i, 142
Machine Language: Monitoring Progress Jim Butterfieici 145
Directory For 3,0 Sie|;itien Meircjwsky, 147
Inversion Portitioning David O V^illiar na. 148
A Personal Newsservice Fo SteinfeiO. Idl
FOR/NEXT GOSUB/RETURN, And The Stock Jin', butterfield. 155
New Listing Conventions For CBM 159
The SBC Gazette 160
Nuts And Volts: Build Your Own Controllers, Port III ' 'oi ic- /'un ctiak 1r,0
Review: DOS/65 A Disk Operating System
[6502 Software) I -arve/ b rierrTcir* 'I'S
New Products 167
Advertisers Index 184
C^.y '
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/-■""Y-^,,^ SHOOT
COMPUTE! Tho Journal for Progrc-ssivc Computing (I 'SI'S: S.i (2;")U) is (uilili>li(.'il VI tiiiK's c.u li MMI liv Sni.ill S\vUMii Sfiviifs, Iiu .. I'.O, Hox .')■)()(), C;iffiisbnrn, N( ; 'J/KKi L ■.S,A. j'liniK-; (9 1 9) L17,''.-()K0<I, Kiiiiuri^il ( )(fii cs .nt- liuiitcd ;il (>2."> iMjitosi Slifi-l. (jiffiishdiu. Nt: 'i7 11)^5,
Dniui-Mii Sulisi 1 ijnliHis: VI isMtCi. ISL'I 1.(1(1. .Scud Mibsi i l[iiiiiii cniU'i.s or iliajiHC nl ,iddu-ss (I'.O. l-DUii XuW) 111 Cin ul.iiioti llijji.. COMPUTE! M.i.n.i/iru-. .'i l."i* A III II HI [>1i^('. lliiioiM.ilL I'.V hUHKS. Ciiiuiollcd ( iii idiiiinri |iiiM.ii^i' {i;iiil ;ii linciisliiiiii, \(: 27-)l):V .\|i|)lii:ilinit to iniiil .11 iiiniiiillcd i in uLdinri tati^ |»'iidiii;4 .ti
llilklllV. \('2.Sri(ll. KlllilC ((HlU-llis 1(1])M iljlll ". H).S1 ll\ SiIImII .S\Ml'l[l Sltui (■•-. lin
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COMPUTE!
November, 1981 Issue 18
Robert C. Lock Publisher/Editor
Atari Educational Sales Revisited
Last issue we mentioned Atari's aggressive pricing moves at the educational "state conttact" level. In this context, we mentioned that Atari, Inc. had obtained the new .state contract for Minnesota. A recent newsletter from the Minnesota Educational Consortium chuificd the current state of the contract. Atari has been added as a \endor as we mentioned last time, .\pple, Inc. is still part of the contract as well.
In Tliis Issue
Our extensive articles on Commodores new "Super Pet" (written by its dcselopers), are fascinating reading. Regardless of vour iiuercst, I recommend them as an insight into a new generation of cc)m]iiHing.
Hill Wilkinsons' column, hisighl: Altiri, begins a two- [jart exploration of inputyoulput functions. The infor- mation presented is excellent. ..and tmique.
Recreational Computing Magazine Joins COMPUTE! Family
I'm cjuite pleased lo arniounce that we ha\e merged Recmilioiial C.iniiputing magazine into our family of publications. Kornier RC subscribers will now be recei\ing COMPUTE! or Home And Educationul COMPUTING!. This merger gives additional breadth and depth to oiu" magazines, anfl an added sense of pride, since RC^ was the oldest of the personal computing magazines. As always, we welcome the growth!
Home and Educotional COMPUTING! Expands
We've made the decision to broaden the base oi' Himif And Edu(ati(iu(il(]()MPUTIN(',! , in pari because of the acquisition al' Rccrealiottal Comjntting. Beginning with the ]anuar>7F'ebruary Issue. I lomc and Edur<tlumal COMPUTING! will cx]jand editorial c:overage to iticlude most of the personal and educational computers selling for $.")()() or less. We'll provide the same excellent re- soince and a|)plications information we've established COMPUTE! with, to owners and users of the C'ommodore VI('.-2(). the Radio Shac :k Color CoDifiu/rr. the Texas Instriunents 99I4A, 'I he ,\tari 400. and others as well,
Preseul plans include ongoing cokmins like Friends Of Till' Titrlti' h\ David Thornbiug. Ramon Zaniora's Rainbow Mfiihini' cnhtmn, teleconnntmicalions, educalional appli- cations and uses, and a great deal more.
Norttteast Computer Show
We recently attended ilie Northeast (>>m])uler .Show, and were impressed by the growth o( the show. Coincidentalh . that's the show where COMPUTE! uas lirst introduced two years ago. That was the sIkjw's first rLm...we ([be ccjileclive exhibitors) filled one hall. Ibis \eai' ihc show lilled two
downstairs halls, and most of one upstairs hall.
The atmosphere was festive, with Commodore giving awav (by drawing) a VIC-20 e\cry day, talking cars, nu- merous "robots," and an /\tari booth (hat covered an entire stage at one end of a downstairs hall. An interesting change reflecting om- mutual growth is tiiat we're seeing less and less of the national firms at these shows, and more and more regional distribtitors and marketing organizations. Atari and Comniodore do coniiiuie lo bring in corporate le\'el support. Apple, on die odier band, was in evidence thi'ougli local dealers.
Atari User-Group Drive
I had the pleasure cjf spending some time with Earl Rice, .Atari's newT'ser Ch'oup .Su]:)])orl Manager. He \sas showing oif an excellent video teaching-tape produced by him and Chris C:ravvford of .4tari. The tape is the first of a planned series which will eventuallv be made a\ailable to user groups and others on a loatier basis. Ihe sketches we saw were not onlv (|uite lunnorous, but excellent anfl informa- tive. We'll tr)- lo keep \-ou posted on availability.
By the way, if you're involved with an Atari User Croup, or interested in starling one up, contact Earl al Atari, Inc. He's working bard lo set u]j iwo-\va\ communi- cations and support. His address is:
Eai"l Rice, Manager
User (iroup -Sujjport Program
Computer Division
Atari, Inc.
P.O. Box 427
Sunnyvale, CA 9-1086
"Teaching" Software
Several \cndors were clisphning well-conceived, well- structured software designed for yomigsiers. It's really a pleasure to see vendors utilizing the teatmes of the compiuers they supjjoil,
i"or example. ".Sannn\' I he Sea Sc'r]3en[" from Program Design, Inc.: with a joystick, an eight year old, and good graphics, f ust glance seemed to indicate another good "game" of simjile tjuality. By using the v(jice-o\er capabilitv of (he ,'\lari. however, this program is trairsloi ined into a lalkit!g.''l(Mrning slorv ,
We watched an .ibsolute no\ ice eiglu \ear old \vork through a set of exercises of Cver-increasing complexity, cle\erl\' ccjuched in a slorvbook setting. We were all entranced bv the nanaii\e (and rathei- pleased when Sanntiy esca])ed to the sea!).
John \'ictor of I'D I is one of the feu \ en dors Healing the voice ca|>abilit)' of the .Atari as an extra dimension, and (he merits of thai iicaiment were obvious in the resulliiiij sol H^are. ©
HE GRAPHIC
DIFFB5ENCE
BETWEEN ATARI
-li£B*i*
3.7 million reasons why the ATARI Personal Computer is something to see.
The display screen used with our computers is composed of 192 horizontal lines, each containing 320 dots. Delivering color and lu- minosity Instructions to each dot for a sec- ond requires 3.7 million cycles... a lo! of work for the normal 6502 processor.
That's why the ATARI computer has equipped its 6502 with its own electronic as- sistant. Its called ANTIC, and it handles all the display work, leaving the 6502 free to handle the rest. What this means to you is uncompromisingly spectacular display capa- bilities without loss of computer power need- ed to carry out the demands of your program.
That's a quality you just don't find in ordi- nary personal computers. And it's one of the reasons some computer experts say that ATARI computers are so far ahead of their time.
There's more. ..which is what you'd expect from ATARI.
Language. The ATARI Personal Computer uses several program- ming languages to give the user maximum control of its extraordi- nary capabilities. PILOT, Microsoft BASIC," and ATARI BASIC are understood and spoken by the ATARI computer. You'll also find our Assembler Editor car- tridge indispensable for
AND ALL OTHERS.
^TfiTE-b bKC CAPIIftL^
ATARI
machine language programming. Sound. An ATARI computer has four sound generators, or voices, activated by a sepa- rate niicrochip. This leaves the principal mi- croprocessor chips free to perform other tasks. And you can take full advantage of this capability which is designed for easy programming. Change. ATARI Personal Computers have been designed to make change and expan- sion easy. The ATARI computer has a modu- lar operating system'* that can be easily replaced as new technology develops. If you need it, memory expansion requires no more than inserting additional RAM modules.* And the ATARt ROM cartridge system also makes it easy to change languages. In short, your ATARI computer won't be obsoleted by future developments. , .because it already incorporates f/ie future. Sharing. To learn more about the amaz- ing capabilities of ATARI computers, visit your local computer store for a demon- stration. Or send for our Technical Us- er's Notes, intended for the serious programmer. They are only S27 and contain a lot more information about our computers' special capabilities than most companies could tell. See your ATARI dealer, or send $30 (S27 plus S3 postage and handling), payable to ATARI, to Technical User's Notes, c/o ATARI Customer Service, 1340 Bordeaux Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA. 94086,
■ATARI 800'" computer only.
Computers for people.
^jl A Warner Com mu meat ions Company
J 1981 Atari, Inc.
COMPUTEi
November, 1981. Issue IB
Robert C. Lock, Publisher/Editor Kathleen Martinek, Managing Editor Riclnard Mansfield, Assistant Editor Alice S. Wolfe, Publisher's Assistant Charles Brannon, Editorial Assistant
Jim Butterfield, Toronto, Canada Harvey Herman, Greensboro, NC
Marvin DeJong, Dept. of Mathematics
^Physics, The School of the Ozarks
Pt. Lookout MD 65726 Eric Rehnke, 1067 Jadestone Lane,
Corona, CA 91720 David Thornburg, P.O. Box 1317,
Los Altos, CA 94022 Bill Wilkinson, Optimized Systems
Software, 10379-C Lonsdale, Ave.
Cupertino, CA 95014 Gene Zumchak, 1700 Niagara St,
Buffalo, NY 14207
Georgia Papadopoulos, Art Director/
Production Manager Terry Cash, Typesetting,'Production
Assistant Dia Rees, Production Assistant Harry Blair, Director, Advertising and
Promotion Joretta Klepfer, Manager, North
American Retail Sales
Bonnie Valentino, Circulation Assistant Sonja Whitesell, Office Assistant
(12 Issue Year): COMPUTE! Circulation Depl. P.O. Box 5406 Greensboro, NC 27403 USA
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Canada $25.00 (U.S. funds) Europe: Surtoce Subscription, $25.00 (U.S. fund5)
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In PA 800-662-3444
Canadian Retail Dealers should contact: Micron Distributing 409 Queen Street West Toronto, Ontario M5V 2A5 416-361-0690
If you're in Oklahoma, Texas or the Western States, we're now represented by Phoebe Thompson and Associates.
Give them a call for spoce reservations, contract/insertion information or ques- tions.Ycu can reacti them thirougfi the following office:
Phoebe Thompson and Associates
101 Church Street
Suite 13
Los Gates, CA 95030
408-354-5553
PHOEBE THOMPSON
If you're in the East we're now repre- sented by The Gittleman Company,
You con reach ttiem througti thie following offices:
New England, New York State: The Gittleman Company
Statler Office Building
Suite 582
20 Providence Street
Boston, MA 02110
617-451-0822
JOAN DONAHUE
The Gittleman Company
Summit Office Centre 7622 Summit Avenue Fort Wastiington, PA 19034 215-646-5700 DOUG JOHNSON
New York City Metro Area,
Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern States:
Local Numbers:
New York 212-567-6717
Atlanta 404-523-1252
If you're in the Midwest, we're now represented by GB & Associates. You
can reach them through the office of:
GB & Associates
P,0. Box 335 Libertyville, IL 60048 312-362-1821 GORDON BENSON
COMPUTi! Home Office Contacts
Advertising Soles Manager, Harry Blair Advertising/Production Coordinator, Alice S. Woife
Address all advertising materials to:
625 Fulton Street Greensboro, NC 27403 USA
Mailing address: COMPUTEI
Post Office Box 5406 Greensboro, NC 27403 USA
Telephone: 919-275-9809
Authors of monuscripts woi/anl Ihaf all materials submitled lo COMPUTEi are original materials with full ownerstiip rights resident in said authors By submitting articles to COtilPUTEL authois acknowledge that sucti moteriols, upon acceptance tor publicotion, become the exclusive properly of Smoll System Services. Inc. No portion of this magazine may be reproduced in any term without written permission from the publisher. Entire contents copyright i 1981. Small System Services, Inc Rights to progroms developed end submitted by authors ore explained in our author controct Unsolicited materials not accepted (or publication in COMPUTEI will be returned if author prov/ides a seif addressed, stamped envelope. Program listings should be provided in printed form (new ribbon) as well as machine readable form Articles should be furnished os typed copy (upper and lower case, pleose) with double spacing Each page of your article should bear the title of the article, date and name of the outhor COf^^PUTEl assumes no Kobiiity for errors in articles or advertisements Opinions expressed by authors 0(e not necessarily those of COMPUTEi PET Is a trademark of Commodore Business Machines, Inc Apple is o trademark ot Appie Computer Compony ATAr?l is 0 trodemark of Atari, Inc
Small System Services, Inc. publishes:
COMPUTE!
Home and Educational
COMPUTING!
COMPUTE! Books
Robert C, Lock, President W, Jerry Day, Corporate
Comptroller Kathleen Martinek, Assistant
To The President Ellen Day, Accounting Manager Carol Holmquist Lock, Research
Assistant
Corporate offices are located at 625 Fulton Street, Greensboro, NC 27403 USA
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Coming In The December Issue of COMPUTE!:
Adding High Speed Vertical Positioning To Atari Player Missile Graphics
File Recovery On The Commodore 8050 And 2040 Disk Drives Animating Applesoft BASIC Graphics
Speeding Up
Your Atari Repeat Key
A Commodore Super PET Update
ATARI SOFTWARE
PIRAa:
THIS GAME IS OVER
ATARI " has led the industry in the development of video games such as ASTEROIDS^^ and MISSILE COMMAND.™ The outstanding popularity of these games has resulted from the considerable investment of time and resources which ATARI has made in their development. We appreciate the worldwide response from the videophiles who have made our games so popular.
Unfortunately, however, some companies and individuals have copied ATARI games in an attempt to reap undeserved profits from games that they did not develop. ATARI must protect its investment so that we can continue to invest in the development of new and better games. Accordingly, ATARI gives warning to both the intentional pirate and to the individuals simply unaware of the copyright laws that ATARI registers the audiovisual works associated with its games with the Library of Congress and considers its games proprietary. ATARI will protect its rights by vigorously enforcing these copyrights and by taking the appro- priate action against unauthorized entities who reproduce or adapt substantial copies of ATARI games, regardless of what computer or other apparatus is used in their performance.
We ask that legitimate software developers cooperate with us to protect our property from any form of software piracy, imitation or infringe- ment. ATARI is currently offering copyright licenses for a limited number of its games to selected software developers. If you happen to be selling a software product which performs a game similar to any ATARI game (such as a game created for a home computer), please contact us immediately. Write to the attention of: Patent Counsel, ATARI, Inc., 1265 Borregas Ave., Sunnyvale, Calif. 94086
A
ATARI
®
^^ A Warner Communications Company
© 19B1. ATARI, INC
COMPUTE!
November. 1981. Issue 18
Computers And Society
David D. Thornburg
Innovision
Los Altos, CA
Interfaces And Languages For The Mass-Market Micro
Last month we explored some ideas about what it will take to get personal computers into the true mass market. Clearly, extreme simplicity of opera- tion will be a major factor for the acceptance of this product by its millions of potential users. Properly designed software can allow the computer to be used for many things witiiout recjuiring that the user be a proficient touch typist.
Any true "mass-market" computer which, for example, lets you connect to a remote data will not require the extensive time consuming log-on proce- dures in use today. It is easy to .see wliv this must be so. Consider the effort it takes for a typical data-lxise user to connect to an information utility. First, a telephone number must be dialed (seven key- strokes, minimum). Second, a log-on pioceclure must be carried out (typically 24 keystrokes). Third, the data ba.se acce.ss commands must be entered (anywhere irom 10 to 50 characters oi" more). To read one's mail on Source Telecomputing requires 41 keystrokes, minimum.
While you or I miglit be willing to go to all this effort in exchange for the tremendous power these data bases provide, I find it hard to believe that such lengthy procedures will be acceptable to the non-technical user who presently gets access to the evening news by simply pressing a button on the TV remote control while seated comfortably in the living room armchair.
The home terminal enviroment of the future will most likely offer menu-driven access to data bases (mail, stocks, news, sports, theater tickets, etc.). A simple joystick or light pen will be used to move the ciusor t<j the desired selection. Once the choice has been made, the computer will then carry out the lengthy procedure of dialing the remote host and logging on to the system. The use of non- volatile memory (such as battery powered RAM, or bubble memory) will allow the user to establish the log-on procedure once. After that, this data will remain available in the system until altered by
the user.
If a full keyboard isn't required for menu selection tasks, it certainly will be needed by u.sers
who want to generate electronic messages for others, or who want to generate their own pro-
grams. It is my guess that the home computer of the future will have a full keyboard as an option. Users who are primarily information receivers will be able to use simple pointing devices and menu- driven software. People who are also information providers will want the flexibility inherent in a full alphanumeric keyboard.
If we believe this scenario, we can then specu- late on the shape that such a device might take. The mass-market computer may very likely resem- ble U)day's programmable video games more than it resembles today's computers. Imagine a video game with a disk drive and a telephone link and you might not be far from the mark. Many of the popular video games contain complete miciocom- puters inside them (the Mm'i VCS uses the 6502, and the Mattel Intellevision uses a 16-bit processor and support chips from General Instruments). The 8-bits of parallel interface needed to support two joysticks can also support a keyboard quite nicely. I have even heard of someone who is selling a plug-in cartridge for the Atari video game which lets you write your own assembly language programs for it. That's something to think about, isn't it!
Oin" scenario of the true mass-market com- puter is not complete, of course. The ''video game" model presented above carries with it the idea that none of the software will be user generated. Im- agine, the next time you walk in a record store, what that store will look like with racks of software. Instead of Cotmtry, Jazz, and Classical labels, you might see Business, Games, and Home Manage- ment labels instead. There vvill probably even be "cut-out" bins for software that has peaked in popularity!
While many of the ftUurc users of computers will be more than content lo ptnchase tlieir software off the shelf, there will be quite a few users who will want to generate their own programs. Just as the home computer of the future may be different from the machines we use today, the languages u.sed by these people most certainly will be.
Most readers of COMPUTE! probably know how to write programs in t)ne of several dialects of BASIC. I would guess that, after BASIC, the pop- ular languages would be Assembler, Pascal, and Fortli. Given these choices, the casual home user would gladly embrace BASIC.
And yet BASIC' is far from being a user friendly language. For example, the fact that program branching conmiands go to line numbers rather than labels can make it hard lo trace program flow in this language. Nonetheless, BASIC has proven quite usefid, and has allowed many millions of people to create programs which might not other- wise have been created.
The probleni with introducing B.-\SIC into the true home market is that it is perhaps too
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POWER'S special keyboard 'instant action' features and additional commands make up for, and go beyond the hmitations of CBM BASIC. The added features include auto line numbering, tracing, single stepping through programs, line renumbering, and definition of keys as BASIC keywords. POWER even includes
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new "stick-on" keycap labels. The cursor movement keys are enhanced by the addition of auto-repeat and text searching functions are added to help ease pro- gram modification. Cursor UP and cursor DOWN produce previous and next lines of source code. COMPLETE BASIC program listings in memory can be displayed on the screen and scrolled in either direc- tion. POWER is a must for every serious CBM user.
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166 Crescent Road
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10
COMPUTE!
November, 1 981. Issue 18
"malhcinalical," and therefore too iiiiiniichuiiig for someone who wants to gently ease into writing his or her own programs. There are other languages which are more user friendly — notalily PILOT and LOCO. It is not mere coincidence that Atari's and Texas Instruments' push into the mass market coincided with their respective introductions of Atari PILOT and 11 LOGO.
One of the most appealing aspects of these languages (from the viewpoint of the casual user) is ttie ea.sc with wliich small procedures can be created and tested, and then used as building blocks in larger procedures and programs. It is as if the user were able to create extensions to the language, thus personalizing it.
I have written a real-time game in Atari PILOT which is (for nie) quite large — over iiO thousand bytes. The main program is less than 30 statements long, and most of the procedin-es used by this program and by other procedures are 20 to 10 statements long. By building the program out of a great many small modules, many of which use each other from time to time, I was able to create a very complex program and debug it quite rapidly. When a problem was uncovered in an output rou- tine, I was able to fix it and test it wilhoiU tampering with any other part of the program. One result of this high level of modularity is that PILOT is kept quite busy keeping track of the pointers which show where the modules should return when they are completed. Some portions (jf the [)rogram involve up to six nested modules at any given time. The fact that this program was easy to read after it was written is its greatest asset to me — especially since the program's speed of execution was not luiduly compromised by these nested procedure calls.
Even though I write in BASIC almost every week, I would never have tackled this project in that language, I have lieard that people who write in LOCO feel the same way.
Are user friendly languages enough to entice the mass market into progtatiiming? They will probably capture the interest of many people, but my guess is that the typical home user wants some- thing even simpler.
Recall that it was Visicalc which was responsible for the tremendous acceptance of personal compu- ters by inisiness users. Visicalc sits on the line line between a language and a program. I he u.ser creates a "mask" which contains all ilie personalized information associated with tlie spread sheet. Once this is created, the data is then entei ed much as it would be in a fully "canned" program. The two la.sks of the u.ser (creating the nrask, and entering the data) are separable. Since the user both oralt's and uses the spread sheet, he or she plays the role of both progratnmcr and user, without having to learn about data types, loop structures, recinsion,
and the like.
Perhaps there will be a new class of languages for the home market which are generalized "task translators." By responding to displayed prompts, the user conveys information to the computer which it can then use in creating a program which is tailored exactly to the u.ser's needs. I have exper- imented with a few such piograms and find their promise to be quite exciting. There is, of course, a great deal of diffeience between a spread sheet program like Visicalc and a (iencralized program writer which could handle anything from vicleo games to personal finance, but I would not be surprised to see our concept of computer languages undergo a radical change in the next five years.
The power contained in the smallest i)ersonal computer today can be put to tremendous benefit to all who would use this technology. The key to the acceptance of this technology in the consumer marketplace will be the software tools which allow the user to unleash and mold this power to fill personal needs.
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November, 1981 Issue 18
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u
COMPUTE!
Noverr.ber, 1981. Issue IS
Dr. Slt'in should ^I't ail Atari Basic Reference Manual and look at appoidix H, page H-14. 1 hope I was of help!" GregMarquez
Robert Lock Richard Mansfield And [Readers
Please address questions or answers to: A.sk 1 he- Readers. COMPUTE! Kfagazine, P.O. Box 5406, Greensboro. XC 27 td'v Special thanks this month to Joseph Wrobel who sent in several extensive answers.
Answers I
"In reply to Rita Norton fCOMPUTE! #15): fihmtrips in Computer Science are available from Educational Activi- ties, Inc., Freeporl, NY 11520." Arnold Friedman
"In your August issue, you published a letter in the "ASK THE READERS" column about Edumrd Sweeney s problems unth interfacing the Vortrax TYPE W TALK speech synthesizer with his Atari 800. The best way to do this is with the Atari 850 interface (list price is about $219.95). Since the TYPE W TALK Ji.va an RS-232 interface to communicate with the computer, an RS 232 interface (such as the Atari 850) should be used to hook it up to any personal computer.
I have seen (and heard) the TYPE W TALK at a computer store, and I think thai it is fantastic' // may not sound as huma?) as the TI line of .synthesizers (Speak 'N Spell, etc.), but it does have an unlimited vocabulary.' (The TI ones don't).
For those of you who have been to the arcade recently, you may have noticed the video games called "Gorf and "Wizard Of War." The Vortrax TYPE W TALK sounds almost exactly like the voice synthesizers used in these games (but with much more clarity and under standabilily). For fun (after you get the connections up and the. software running) try making it .say "bite the dust space cuddet" (exactly as spelled). Programming instructions are in- cluded ii'ith the Atari 850 in a large manual. You program using such common things a XIO XX, #X,X,A',"X.", OPEN #X,X,X,"X.", etc. (Note: The TYPE W 771LA- may also require an interface cable funn .Atari. Contact Atari for details on the cables.) The la.st thing that the TYPE 'N TALK needs is an 8-ohm speaker (available at Radio Shack, etc.).
One la.st thing (noic changing the subject). In the same issue as Mr. ^Sweeney's letter, there was another one byjeriy Stern, asking about using the keypads for data entn. The answer to his question is "Yes!". For a program,
"I'm writing with regards to the questions raised in your [Clyde Spender] COMPUTE! #14 article entitled "Atari Graphics: 16 Colors.'" concerning graphics modes 9 through II. Actually, there are two questions I'll attempt to an.swer. The first asks hmr graphics modes 9 through 1 1 are .supposed to operate. The .second asks how they are currently implemented.
The answer to the first question can be found on pages 172-174 of the Atari [Personal Computer Sys- tem Operating Sy.stem User's Manual (iruside Cali- fornia call ATARI at 1 -800-672-1430 for purchase info). These pages comprise the manual's Appendix H, entitled "Screen Mode Characteristics," which describes the characteristics of graphics modes 0 through 11. What it tells us (d)out modes 9 th rough 1 1 is that they are all 80 pixel by 1 92 line modes, and all use four bits per pixel. Thus, they occupy the. same a)nount of display memoty as graphics mode 8, namely 192 line of 40 bytes per line. The difference between the three modes is how the four bits per pixel are interpreted.
In mode 9 the.se hits are interpreted as luminance data; .since the low-order luminance hit is ignored, this mode supports an eight-level gray .scale display. The color of the display is determined by color register •/, the one which also .sets the hackgroimd color. Mode 1 1 is the inverse of mode 9; the pixel data select one oj AT API's 16 standard colors while the (weratl luminante is deter- mined by color register 4. Graphics mode 10 is .somewhat less straightfonoard. Here the different data values reference one of the 9 color I'egisters (5 normal + 4 player mis.sile). Because there are 16 possible data, values and only 9 color registers, there is .some duplication. Tlie bottom line is that 9 different color/luminance combina- tions of your choosing are supported in graphics mode 10.
I believe the colors that you okseme are filse, due to the (liaising cau.sed by the high frequency transitions in the 320 dot per line display. If you're skeptical, run the accompanying program. IJ your ATARI behaves like mine, you should see no change in the graphiis display except for tJw border. This border change is due to the fact that in graphics mode 11, and only in graphics mode 11, color regi.ster4 is initialized to six rather than its normal initial value of zero.
Note that the program accesses the graphics modes using a BASIC command of the general form:
OPEN #6,X,G,"S:"
where G is the graphics mode and X is usually 8, i.e. OPEN for writing. This command can be used for all graphics modes (0 through 11). Add 32 to X lo inhibit screen clear: add 16 to X for split .screen display." Joseph Wrohel
10 OPEN #6,8,10, "S:"
20 FOR 1 = 0 TO 4
30 FORJ^OTO 15
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The SOFT ROM is compatible with any large keyboard PET/CBM or similar 2532 EPROM systems. It may be placed in any ROM socket to give the user room for machine code. If the SOFT ROM is placed in an occupied ROM socket, the user can transfer the PET/CBM ROM into the on-board ROM socket and select between ROM and RAM to manipulate the Commodore operating system.
Since the SOFT ROM places write protectable RAM into any of the computer's
ROM sockets, it is ideally suited to use as a development tool to test ROM or EPROM based software systems before they are burned in.
Examples of software presently available for the SOFT ROM includes BASIC AID, UNIVERSAL WEDGE, SUPERMON, EXTRAMON, USER PORT PRINTER (Centronics parallel) and a buffered BACKGROUND PRINTER routine.
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16
COMPUTE!
November, 1981. Issue 18
40 COLOR]
50 PLOT I5*I+J,0:DRAWTO 15*I+J,191
60 NEXT J
70 NEXT I
80 CLOSE #6
90 FORG = 8TO 11
100 OPEN #6,40,G,"S:"
110 FORI=lTO250:NEXTI
120 CLOSE #6
130 NEXTG
140 GOTO 90
150 END
Questions
"What can we poor $395 .00 Commodore 4010 Voice Synthesizer victims do to get any kind i>f programming help? (aiii you advise me of any users thai can give me some kind of back-up in this mailer?" I.. W . Goesch
"/ have written a program to cover my personal financial accounts which I run through monthly and add on the month's expenditures and income under various headings. The program then does various things with the data, such asforecastitigfor the whole and future years, highlighting items oj over- and under-expenditure, etc.. The problem is that each month I have to list the DATA statements in order to amend them by addiiig on the current month's fig- ures.
"As there any way I can get the program to automati- cally update the date information so that I do not have to do this by hand? Any help you can offer would he appreci- ated...! have an 8K Original ROM PET...." Peter Shafe .
You want the computer to imitate what you are now doing by hand: print a changed DATA state- ment on the screen and then press RETURN to place it into the program. This is a "seir-modifying program." It can be done by telling the computer to print the new DATA statement on the screen and then POKEing carriage returns into the key- board input buffer. Its starting address is 527 (your Original ROM PKI), (i'i.S (Upgrade and 4.0). The number of automatic RE TURNs you need must be POKEd into address 525. For example, if you POKE 527,13: POKE 528.13 (puldng two carriage returns into the bulTer), you must then POKE 525,2. (For Upgrade and 4.0: POKE 158,2.) Finally, this line of POKEs must end with END.
Tliis program would replace the DATA state- ment in line "L" with an updated set of DATA. (Notice that the new data is in variables V and Z which, when printed on the screen, will be numbers. Also, the CLEAR SCREEN and I lOME are used u> correctly position the cursor so Uiat the RETURNS will !)e made over the new D.X'i'A line):
100 PRINT" {CLEARH03 DOWN} " L"DATA"Y " , " Z " { DOWNlL="L+2":GOTOB00(04 UP} " : POK E525,2:POKE527,13:POKE528, : END
500 IFL>50THEN540:REM YOU PASS BACK THE V
ALUE OF L TO THE PROGRAM 510 REM TO ALLOW THE PROGRAM TO KNOW WHIG
H DATA LINE IT LAST CHANGED — 520 REM A DIRECT-MODE RETURN WILL NOT LEA
VE THE VARIABLE VALUES INTACT, 530 GOTO 1000: REM THEN YOU CONTINUE TO C
RANGE OTHER DATA UNTIL DONE. 540 PRINT"JOB ACCOMPLISHED" : END
A similar technique is used to automatically delete lines in a program in COMPUTE! #12, pg. I 16. This same result can l)e achieved on the Atari as well: .see COMPUTE! # 1 5, pg. 80. Also see last month's COMPUTE! page 22.'
"First allow nw to compliineiil you f)r creating what has been needed in a computer magazine for a long time. Your "A.sk the Readers" column really puts you head and shoulders above the competition! Here is a problem that has had me frustrated for a year now:
I own an OSf C3 and the OS65D 3.0 operating system, with which I have been perfectly happy with except for one thing: I cannot successfully use sequential access data files. For example, let ils say I have created the file, "DATA I ". I would use the following program:
10 A$ = "DATAr'
20 DISKOPEN,6,A$
30 PRINT#6,A:PRINT#6,B:PRINT#6,C
40 DISKCLOSE,6,A$
50 PRINT "DATA NOW ON DISK"
60 GOTO 100
70 (etc.)
Although I would have a line number J 00 in the program, I would always get a US (undefined statement — no such line number) error in line 60. When I try to IJST the program. I just get garbage on the screen. I havejollowed the manual letter for letter and asked others about it, but alljor naught; I still can't get it to work, I know that there must he some ii'ay — / have software in BASIC that does it successjntly. Any suggestions? Please help!" John Fjy
"I u'ish to operate a Commodore 3016 computer and 3(H0 foppy disk drive from a marine 12v balleiy supply i^ia wiring modifications ami outboard circuitty if neces- sary. The result should alhnv ciniversiou back to the usual AC power, but it need not be switchable between the two (although this would be an advantage). Can you supply any of Ih e fo Uowi ng ?
1 . Details of ret/uired DC pinoer supply •voltages, current capacity, and. regulation specifications for the two units.
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18
COMPUTEi
November, 1981, Issue 18
Guest Commentary:
TKie Ttiree Laws
Isaoc Asimov New York NY
Now that computerized robots are not only possible, but actual; now that they arc rapidly invading industry, and becoming a factor that may produce extraordinary economic and social changes over the next generation; I can't help but think back forty years to the time when I invented the Three Laws of Robotics, in 1942. These are:
1. A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm,
2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence, as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
Since these Laws are often quoted, quite seriously, in articles and books on robotics (a word I was, apparently, the first ever to use. back in 1942), I am sometimes tempted to wonder at the prescience of my 21 -year-old self, and to suspect that perhaps the high opinion s(mie people have of me may possibly be deserved.
But then rationality intervenes, and I know that lliis is nonseii.se. The Three Laws are obvious from the start, and everyone is aware of them sublimitially. The Laws just never happened to be put into brief sentences until I managed to clo the job.
The Laws apply, as a matter ofcour.se, to every tool that human beings use.
Consider a knife, for instance. The first law of knifedom is that it be used safely. No one woulcl u.se a knife if it meant cutting one's lingers off in the process. Therefore, to begin with, a knife is equipped with a handle. To generalize, any cutting instrument must offer a way of being safely held while it is being used to cut.
Ihe secotnl law ol knifedom is that it be used effectively. Therefore, a knife must be given a sharp edge (provided that is safe), for no one is inteiested in hacking away uselessly with a dull blade.
The third law of knifedom is thai it maintain its integrity during cutting. Of what use would a knife be if it broke or dulled while cutting? A knife is therefore made of some tough material tliat holds an edge and that doesn't snap ([jrovided
such toughness doesn't interfere with either its safety or its effectiveness.)
You can apply this sort of reasoning, not only to material tools, but, also, without too much diffi- culty, to a social institution such as the Constitution of the United States.
The delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 endeavored to work out a document that (first) would be safe to use, and would not subject Americans to a tyranny; and that (second) would be flexible enough to be responsive to the needs of the people, provided that did not compromise its
safety; and that (third) would besidiiciently durable to serve new times and new conditions, by means of amendments if necessary, pro\'ided that did not compromise eithei" its safety or its effectiveness.
You can even apply this sort of rea.soning to your own fjehavior: to your attitude toward your diet, or toward exercise, or toward your job. That behavior must insure first safety — then effec- tiveness — then diu'ability.
(Consequently, 1 ha\c my answer ready when- ever someone asks me if 1 think that my Three Laws of Robotics will actuallv be used to govern the behavior of rolsots. once they become versatile and flexibte enough to be alile to choose among dif- ferent courses of behavior.
My answer is. "Yes. the Three Laws are the only way in which rational human beings can deal with robots — or with aiivthing else."
— But when I say that. I always remember (.sadly) that human beings are not alwavs rational.©
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20
COMPUTE!
November, 1981 Issue 1 8
The Beginner's Page
Richard Mansfield Assistant Editor
Searching Files
Here is a program to maintain a master index of all COMPUTE! articles. It will demonstrate a way that data can be managed by a computer to make entering and retrieving information fast, easy, and accurate. In specific, we will look at tfie problem of searching for data within a data file.
Central to most data management tasks is the job of searching through a list of records (a file) for a particular record or class of records. You might want to see all COMPUTE! articles on the topic of computer shows. The string-manipulating BASIC commands (LEFT$, RIGHT$, MID$, and LEN) are both fast and flexible when used as searching tools. This program will illustrate some of the major considerations when setting up a database management program:
I
Program 1. Microsoft Version
4 REM *****************************
5 REM * INITIALIZATION *
6 REM *****************************
10 T = 100 DIMA$ (T)
FOR I = 1 TO T:READ A$(I) IF A$(I)="END"THEN T=I-1 :GOTO100
NEXT I
p(g|Vj *****************************
REM-* MAIN LOOP *
REM* ****************************
PRINT: PRINT "PLEASE CHOOSE:"
PRINT "1. AUTHOR
PRINT "2. SUBJECT
INPUT K$
ON VAL(K$)GOTO 200,300
Rgfi]* ****************************
REM* SUBROUTINES *
j^gf,^* ************* ***************
PRINT "TYPE AUTHOR'S LAST NAME INPUT NAME$ FOR I = 1 TO T L = LEN(A$(I) ) FOR B = 1 TO L
IF MID$(A$(I) ,B,1) = "*" THEN ~ ~ GOTO 280 270 NEXT B:PRINT "MISSING *'S IN RECO"
~RD #"I :END 280 B = B+1:IF MID$(A${I) ,B,LEN(NAME$- -)) = NAMES THEN PRINT A$(I)
20
30
40
50
99
100
101
110
120
130
140
160
199
200
201
210
220
230
240
250
260
|
290 |
NEXT I:GOTO 100 |
|
|
300 |
PRINT "PLEASE TYPE "JECT" |
THE TARGET SUB~ |
|
310 |
INPUT SUBJECT$ |
|
|
320 |
FOR I = 1 TO T |
|
|
330 |
L = LEN (SUBJECTS) |
|
|
340 |
IF LEFT$ (A$ (I) ,L) = |
= SUBJECTS THEN" |
|
" PRINT A$ (I) :Q = 1 |
||
|
350 |
NEXT I:IF Q = 0 THEN PRINT "NO MA~ |
|
|
- |
'TCHES FOUND" |
|
|
360 |
Q = 0:GOTO 100 |
|
|
499 |
Rgjjj* ******************* ********* |
|
|
500 |
REM* DATA * |
|
|
501 |
REM* **************************** ■ |
|
|
510 |
DATA SHOW — TRENTON |
COMPUTER FESTI" |
|
~VAL*BUTTERFIELD*15 |
||
|
520 |
DATA PREVIEW — CBM FAT 4 0*BUTTERFI~ |
|
|
■ELD*15 |
||
|
20000 DATA END |
||
|
READY. |
Program 2. Atari Version
2 REM ATARI UERSIuN
3 REM
4 REM ************************
5 REM * INITIALIZATIClH *
6 REM *loit*:r**:S:S;**S;**«**;SS;** 10 T=160
20 DIM A*(T:4:80).T$(e0).L(T>.bWE*C40>.SU
BJECT$(40>
30 Fa< 1=1 TO THREAD T$
48 IF T$="EhO" T1€H T=I-1^G0T0 109
50 H$f. < I-l >:*;S0+ 1 , 1^.80 )=T$
60 L(I>=LEHa*)
70 t€XT I
1^ REM ;n*#:^'*^-^i':***«:tCJt;tv:«;^:S'.
101 REM :* MAIN LOOP %
102 REM :i;**:S;*:*;f*»*;t:***if*:^**:-^ 110 F'RIHT ^PFlIHT "Please -d-.oose^ " 120 PRINT "1. ttJthor"
130 PRINT "2. Sub-ject"
140 ItfllT K
150 ON K QJTO ^6,300
199 9B\ tmtmtutttttuttt
200 F£M * aJBP;OUTIHES *
2vtl REM :m**:^tt:^****SS*:?;1ci::^
210 F-RIHT "TYPE AUTHOR'S LftBT NAME"
220 IIPUT NAME*
230 FOF: 1=1 TO T
240 L=L( I ) :TI=H*( ( I-l )$88+L ( I-l >+86+L )
£■50 FiJF: B=l TO L
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22
COMPUTE!
November, 19S1. Issue 18
268 IF JP:B,B)="t" THEN OjTu Sbtj
270 t€KT B: PRINT "hISSING Vb IN RECuRO
#";I:EfCi
2b'0 B=b'+ 1 ■■ IF T$( B.. B+LEU":: hWIE* >- 1 ■)=mriE*
T^£N FflNT 1$
290 f€XT I=UJTO 160
300 f^mi "PLEftiiE TYPE Th£ TfiRGET SUBJEC
T"
310 ItPUT ;5LeJEi::T$
320 FOR: 1=1 TO T
330 L=LEH(SUejECT$>
340 T$=H$((I-l)*88+l.';i-l):^80+L(I>>
345 IF T$(l..L>=!BLejECT$ T^€N F-RlIHT 1$-Q=
1
350 f-E'^T MF 0=0 THEN F-RIMT "m rWCHES
FOUND." 360 G!=0 = GOTO 190 4?9 REM :mr?:*S:fc:**tt:^».
500 REM * DATA *
501 REM >:;m:4itK:^*a»*
510 DATA Sroi'i— TREHTOH CCTFUTER FESTIlfAL
*BUTTERFIELD55:15
520 DATA PREUIEl^-CKI FAT 40*BUTTERFIELD
*15
20000 DATA EM3
How It Works
Let's see how this program searches through the file for records which match whatever is required. This kind of file (lines 5 10-520) is called a variable- field file because each of the three fields — the subject, the author, and the issue number — can be of any length. The DATA statements each contain one record. Within each record, the author field could be as short as "Cox" or as long as "Butter- field." The fields can vary in length. This saves memory space, but at the expense of speed. So, for large databa.ses, where a search will go through hundreds or thousands of records, fixed fields are used because speed becomes an important factor. A name like "Cox" would be padded with blanks to take up the proper amount of fixed space required by its field. But we are setting up a smaller database and will take advantage of the memory efficiency of variable fields in this program.
Because the fields are variable, we have to let the computei" know where one ends and another begins. Otherwise, how would it know that the author's name in line 5 10 wasn't Festival Butter- field? We separated the fields by using the "*". This means that we will have to look for "*" within each record when we are .searching for the author fields. This is why the variable- field can be slow: each record must be handled individually, watching for delimiters (fences between fields). Let's take a look at whal the program does:
Line Number
10 Here we tell the computer that there are a maximum of 100 records in our file. This is necessary because (in line 20) the computer
must set aside memory space for each record. 20 Set up an array which is DIMensit)ned to 100 string- variable zones. Each string (record) will fill each zone, but Microsoft B.-\SIC dynamically expands the zone sizes so the DIMensioning is merely the «i^j«6fr of zones, not their size. (In Atari BASIC, the DIM state- ment sets up one giant string. The DIMen- sioning in Atari is the size of this huge string).
...for large databases, where a
search will go through hundreds
or thousands of records,
fixed fields are used because
speed becomes an
Important factor.
30 READ each DATA statement (place it into
its proper, numbered zone in memory). READ
up to the maximum (T) unless...
40 one of the DATA statements is the word
"END" in which case you went beyond the last
real record — you must subtract one from
counter (I) so the program can now know the
true total (T) number of records in this
database.
50 Keep raising the counter (I) until you
reach the limit (100) or get the word "END"
(line 40), then...
110-160 A typical main loop structure with a
menu of choices, an INPUT from the user,
and then a branching which depends on the
INPUT.
230 Establish a loop which will "pull out" each
record, from record 1 to the total (T).
240 In each case, find out the length (L) of a
record.
250 A second loop, nested within the other
loop, which will count each character within a
particular record. It will end, of course, when
it reaches the total number of characters in a
record (L).
260 When one of the characters is a "*", we
know that we are positioned at the "author
field" of the record. So we skip the "NEXT B"
count up, in line 270.
270 If we have no more "NEXT B," then we
went through an entire record without finding
the "*" symbol and we print an ciror message
on the screen and END the program so the
bad DATA statement can be fixed.
280 First, since B now is the position of the
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u
COMPUTE!
Novemoer, 1961, Issue 18
"*'" within llie record, we add one lo it so llial B points to tlie Hrst character o( ilic niithoi"'s name. Then we compare the portion of the string (record) which starts at position B and which is as long as tlie name wliicli was INPUT in line 220. This will give us an exact compari- son. It also has ihc benefit of allowing us to INPUT "BU" and search for all names starting with "BU" instead of writing out the entire name "BUTTERFIKLD."
290 II we have finished checking and printing (jut the matches, we simpU' retinn lo the main loop menu to see if other searches will be requested.
320 Again we loop through each record. This time we are looking at the first field: the subjecl field in a record. Tlierefore, we will not need to look for the "*". The subject field starts at the first position within the record. 330 Here we mcasme the length of the IN- PUT request. This allows us to iiave any level of specification. For example, if "DISK" is INPUT in hne 3 1 0, all the records which refer to disks will be printed. If 'DISK STORAGE" is INPUT, however, only records which matcli the entire SUBJECTS, "DISK STORAGE," will appear.
340 A simpler version of the compaic in line 280. Q is set to equal 1 to show that a match was found so that line 350 will not prim iis message.
360 Q is reset to zero so it will function cor- rcctlv as 'dflag of matches. We I'etinii to the main loop menu.
It you add more DATA lines, this program will hold and examine as many records as your RAM memory permits. If you have I6K RAM, you can put in more than twice as many DATA state- ments as would be possible in 8K RAM. (The pro- gram itself uses up some of die R.WI.) ©
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November.lPSl Issue 18
COMPUTE!
25
Statistios Applications for Teotinioians
Here is a package thai is so siaie-of-the-an tHal many of Ihe slalistical techniques implemented here are not even in ihe textbooks yet STAT is a sel ol Dtograms tor perlormmg a large portion of the most (requently used slalisHcai inierence methods. Data can be enlerefl and stored on lour dillerent types ot data fries These data files car be modified also The statistical procedures available m the package inciude the following parametric mlerence procedures
SUMMARY STATISTICS for each data life and date set. including Ihe mean and standard deviation,
CONFIDENCE INTERVALS lor Ihe lollowing (t | the mean ol a normal population (both with and withoul the variance known), (2) Ihe variance of a nor- mal distribution iboth with and without the mean knowni, (3) the parameter (mean time to failure) ol an exponential distribution. (4J Ihe parameter (prn- portion) ol a binomial distribution. (5) Ihe difference o( Iv^o normal means (for various combinations of assumptions about the variances of the populations) and i6i for the ratio of tv.'O normal variances.
TESTS OF HYPOTHESES about (1) a normal mean, with various cases correspondino to possible assumptions about the variance. (2) the diffe'ence in two normal means (various cases) and (3) Ihe ratio ol Iwo normal variances,
TESTS OF THE EXPONENTIAL MEAN (mean lime to failure) and RATIO OF MEANS.
TESTS OF THE BINOIVIIAL PARAMETER (proportion) and DIFFERENCE OF PARAMETERS
JVIULTIPLE REGRESSION, including esiimation of coellicients. estimation ol the error variance, and lesi of signilicance ol the regression
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE for one-way and balanced two-way designs, including interaction
The software is user-friendly, allowing easy recovery from errors and selection of alternate analyses, as desired. The user's interaclion is entirely menu driven, with error recovery features An extensive user's manual introduces the statistical Inference procedures used, and gives worked examples lor each situation considered, illustrating typical applications These worked examples serve as a pattern and allow the reader to check his use of the programs The user's manual gives complele documenlalion of tlie programs and procedures used in them All formulae, algorithms and procedures are listed and referenced to commonly available statistical literature.
A notable lealure of the package is inclusion of very ellicient routines for Ihe computation of probabilities and quantiles lor the most common statistical dislributions. including normal, binomial, chi-square, I and F Thus ttie user is not required to furnish "tabular values" irom outside sources when performing statistical analyses with this package STAT complete with all documentation is S200.
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515-292-7634 AMES, IOWA 50010
26
COMPUTE!
November. 1 981. Issue 18
Basically Useful BASIC
Editors Note: Peter is nine. His mother says that Peter designed the program himselj, hut she helped with the coding. — RTM
A Flower Sale Program
Peter Deal Malvern, PA
1 am a Cub Scout in Dcii 3, Willislown Pack 98. Every year we sell pansics. All my neighbors buy them, like almosl everybody on my si reel. Tlie next Saturday, my mom and I deliver the pansies. To know how many boxes arc sold, and lo know how much money cveiyone owes me, I use this program and my mom helped me write it on the PET. This yeai', pansies sold for .$2.25 a l)ox.
Helper's notes:
• PET people can type lines 100—390. Users of other computers should type in lines 270—590.
• This liulc program checks inpul for valid entries (between 1 and 50). The PE T version does so by overwriting the input prompt, the other version by repeating that prompt. Incor- rect entries can be further changed aflcr llic computer asks "7 boxes Y/N". Lines to 200-2 1 0 in the PET Version, lines 540-560 in ihe other version handle that.
• It is likely that lines 530-540 are system dependent, .so they deserve an explanation. Line 530 clears the buffer ol all ke)' presses. Line 540 waits until "Y" or "N" is typed in. All other kevs arc rejcclcd. Line 550 tlien sends the control back to the input prompt if the answer was "N". Otherwise the program pro- ceeds to calculate.
• Jim Butterficld's rouurie is used in several places by specifying \', \' 1 and \'2 parameters. This routine has been fully descriljed in COMPUTE! #9 (pg. 30),
110 REM PANSY SALE - PET VERSION
120 REM===============================
130 PR=2.25:MN=0:BX=0:TC=0:TB=0:REM PRICE
, MONEY, BOXES, TOTAL MONEY, TOTAL B
OXES 140 SP$=" ":SPS=SP$+SP$+SPS
150 PRINTSP$ : PRINT" {UP5 "; :V$="" 160 INPUT"> 'END' OR HOW MANY BOXES _;;_{03 LEFT}";B$ : I FB$=" END"GQT02 50
170 BX=VAL(B$) :IF BX<=0 OR BX>50 THENPRIN
T"{UP} "; :GOTO150 180 V1=3:V2=0:V=BX:GOSUB300:PRINT " [0
4 LEFT}" V$ " BOXES - Y/N " j 190 F0RJ=1T09:GETQ$:NEXT 200 GETQ$ : IFQ$<>"Y"ANDQ$<>"N"GOTO200 210 IFQ$="N"THENPRINT:PRINT"{02 UP)";:GOT
0150 220 MN=PR*BX : TB=TB+BX : TC =TC+MN 230 V1=4:V2=2:V=MN:GOSUB300:GOSUB370: PRI
NT" "v$
240 GOTO160
2 50 PRINT: PRINT :V1=7:V=TC:GOSUB30 0:GOSUB3
70:PRINT"I SOLD" TB "BOXES FOR"V
$ :END
2 60 REM= ======================= =======
270 GOTO480
280 REM 'USING' ARRANGE IN COLUMNS, JIM B
UTTERFIELD ROUTINE TO 350 290 REM V IS VALUE; VI. V2 PRINTS 300 V4=INT(V*10tV2+. 5) :REM ROUNDED 310 V$=RIGHTS(" "+STR$ (V4) ,V1+V2
+1) : IFV2<1GOTO340
3 20 F0RV5=V1+2T0V1+V2+1:IFASC(MID$ {V$,V5)
) <48THENNEXTV5
3 30 V6=V5-V1-1:V$=MID$ (V? , V6 , V1+ 1 ) +LEFT$ (
" .00 0 0 00 0 00",V6)+MID$ (V$,V5) 34 0 IFASC(V$) >4 7THENV$=LEFT$ {"*********",
V1+V2+2+ (V2=0) )
350 RETURN:
360 REM FLOAT $
370 FORV7=1TOLEN(V5) :IFMID$ (V5,V7,1)=" "T
HENNEXTV7 380 IFV7>1THENV$=LEFT$ (V$ , V7-1 ) + " $ "+MID$ {
V$,V7) 390 RETURN:
410 REM SIMPLIFIED VERSION FOR
420 REM OTHER MICROSOFT SYSTEMS
430 REM UNTESTED !
4 40 REM===============================
450 REM TYPE CODE FROM LINE 270 DOWN
460 REM TO INCLUDE BUTTERFIELD ROUTINE
4 70 REM===============================
480 PR=2.25:MN = 0:BX=0:TC=0:TB=0:F;EM PRICE
, MONEY, BOXES, TOTAL MONEY, TOTAL B
OXES 4 90 PRINT" > 'END' OR HOW MANY BOXES" :INPU
T B$: IF B$="END"GOTO590 500 BX=VAL(B$) : IF BX<=0 OR BX>53 GOTO490 510 V1=3:V2=0:V=BX:GOSUB300 520 PRINT V$ " BOXES - Y/N" 530 F0RJ=1T09:GETQ$:NEXT 540 GETQ$:IFQ$<>"Y"ANDQ$<>"N"GOTO540 550 IFQ$="N"GOTO490
560 MN=PR*BX : TB=TB+BX : TC=TC+KN 570 V1=4:V2=2:V=MN:GOSUB300:GOSUE370: PRI
NT" "V$
580 GOTO490
59 0 PRINT: PRINT :V1=7:V=TC:G0SUB3 00 :G0SUB3
70:PRINT"I SOLD" TB "BOXES F0R"V
$:END ©
COMPUTE! The Resource
November, 1981, Issue 18
COMPUTE!
27
Blue Ribbon Computer
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Small Computers for the Small Businessman
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Write or call us for a frcL' catalog
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Name
Address
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dilithium Press
P.O. Box 606 Beaverton, OR 97075
800-547-1842
COMPUTE!
November, 1981. Issue 18
Editor's Note: Prograin in API.. FORTRAN, Asscmbh, BASIC, or PASCAL. Have 96K user RAM available. Connect directly to mainframes. Modify variables during a program RUN. Tke.w are .wme of the reasons the new PET is called Super.
We'll be testing a SuperPET here at COMPUTE! and next month we'll let you hunv the results, when the machine will be in the stores, and 8032 upgrade neu's. — RTM
SuperPET's Super Software
Terry Wilkinson
Waterloo Computing Systems
As most of our readers know, the University of Waterloo has been invoUed for many yeais in the development of computer software for its own applications. In ilie 19r)()'s, a number of s|)e(iali/.L'd batch systems were created for teaching computmg. As well, pioneering work was done in the develop- ment of interactive terminal systems to make the large batch oriented computcis easier to use. Lan- guage processors such as WATFOR, WA IFI V and WATBOL were augmented by such systems as WITS (an early interactive terminal system). Through it all, the main emphasis was on enhancing the learning enviroimient at the University of Waterloo by developing software to meet our specific needs.
In the 1970"s, these efforts continued, using the concepts of distributed processing and the emerging minicomputer technology. Powerful interactive systems on remote FDP-1 I's and IBM SERIES/ I's allowed the preparation of jobs and the examination and printing of output to take place "offline" from the computer. Waterloo developed packages like WIDJET which allowed mote stu- dents to use the computer at a lower cost. High- speed BISYNC lines piovided comnumication between the minis and the mainframes allowing access to the language processors available there. In addition, jxickages such as WA TFOR-l I and WA1"BC)L-1 1 were created to run on stand alone mini systems.
The imderlving theme through all these developments was llie production of systems that could make allowances lor small mistakes and give good error diagnostits, iheieby making the pro- gram tlevelopmenl |)roce.ss a little easier. I hese systems have always included reasonable enhance- metU bcvond j)revailing language dednitions so
users could become familiar with, and make use of, the latest programming technology as it was being developed in the industry.
It is, therefore, consistent with this longstand- ing tradition that the University of Waterloo would extend these concepts one step further in the 198()'s. That step is in microcomputer technology. It ad- dresses the use of "stand-alone" microcomputer systems as well as their use in distribtited processing.
The First Step: Waterloo Microsystems
The first step in exploiting this new technology was to apply the lessons learned over the years con- cerning software development. .\ new family of language pi occssors was created whicli would support APL, BASIC, FOR IRAN and PASCAL. Also, a general purpose text EDITOR was devel- oped to allow easy manipulation of program and data files. These packages were written in a system- indepcndem, portable manner to provide a very high degree of flexibility in implementation. The success of this approach is evident in that completely compatiljle versions of these packages have been installed on IBM's VM/CMS system for large 370- like machines and the new Commodore SuperPET with the Motorola bSOO microprocessor chip. Work is also underway uj install them on the DEC PDF- 1 1 system with RSTS/E.
This means that, using this family of langtiage processors and subject to memory constraints, a program written for one of these machines will run on any other of these machines unchanged. This provides great flexibility in software development. Applications can be created which run on a variety of com]jmers without modification. Components of a system can be created using one type of com- puter and then used on another type of computer.
In addition, a 6809 A.ssembler Development System was created to pro\ide a straightforward, yet powerful, facility to create prcjgrams in machine language for use on the SuperPET or other 6809- based systems.
The second step was to provide a simple-to-use interface between the microcomputer and the mainframe computer. Programs and files of data would need to be transferred from one machine to the other. And, data files on the mainframe should be easily accessible by the programs ruiming on the microco flip titer.
Since most largc-to mediimi-size computers support .\S('II-lype terminals, the approach in- volved an RS232-C serial line I rom the micro to the mainf tame. Also required was an interface program for the mainframe to service the data management reciuesis from the micro in the appropriate way. This interface program is called HOS'F(~M, stand- ing lor "host comnumication module."
Because of this approach, programs on the microcomputer can access data files on a local disk
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30
COMPUTE!
November, 19B1. Issue 18
or on a remote host disk xi'ifh equal ease.
The resiik of these developments is a very powerful collection of hardware and software which can be used in various configurations to service the needs of a wide range of users. For example, a stand-alone SuperPET can have local disk(s) and pi"intei(s) and support all five languages and the editor without any connection to a remote computer. Alternatively, a SuperPET connected to a host computer might have no local devices and keep all its files on the host. Of course, a combina- tion of the above configurations yields a powerful micro configin ation with the additional ability to transfer information to and from the host machine.
A SuperPET With:
APL, BASIC, FORTRAN, and PASCAL
It is clear that the IBM 370-like machines and the PDP-1 1's were quite capable of handhng their part in a system such as the one described above. It was not as easy, however, to discover a iTiicrt)Coinputer which could be used in this design. The best ap- proach seemed to be to modify an existing micro and thereby give it the required facilities. Our previous involvement with the Commodore PET had given us considerable knowledge of its construction and we felt confident that the CBM 8032 could be modified to do the job. It had a MOSG502 micro-processor chip and 32K (kilobytes) of user RAM,
Three fundamental changes were required:
a) conversion to the Motorola 6809 micropro- cessor chip
b) addition of more RAM
c) addition of an RS-232 serial interface
It also seemed desirable to retain the previous 6502 processor and allow the machine to operate as a normal CBM 8032, if desired. This would preserve its ability to run already existing packages developed for the 6502.
The initial Waterloo designs were taken by BMB CompuScience Ltd. of Milton, Ontario and developed into a working prototype which could be mass produced. This firm used its considerable experience in hardware design to produce the final product which contains two microprocessors, an MC68()9 and an MOS6502. An external switch was included to allow the user to select one mode or the other. In 6502 mode, the machine operates as a CBM 8032 using Commodore BASIC: in ROM and has a 32 K RAM. In 6809 mode, a different ROM is selected. Al the same time, Waterloo Com- puting Svslems Ltd. undertook the task of imple- menting system software to operate using the BMB hardwaie configuration in 6809 mode. The fol- lowing list of software was implemented: the Waterloo microSystems Supervisor (resident in the 6809 ROM set); interactive interpreters for APL, BASIC, FOR IRAN and PASCAL; and a develop- ment system for 6809 machine language program-
ming. Sub.sequently, Commodore lias liegun man- uiactLuing this hardware configiuation, called the "SuperPET," under license from BMB and is including the entire collection of software with each machine sold.
An additional 64KB of RAM was installed to allow room for the Waterloo microSystems lan- guage processors. The user selects which language he wishes to use from a menu which appears on
The technique is called
bank-switching and...
64K of RAM is logically
divided into 16 pages,
each containing 4K.
the screen when the unit is turned on. The proces- sor for that language is "soft-loaded" into the addi- tional RAM. This means that the user still has the entire 32 K of oiiginal RAM available for his use regardless of which language he chooses.
The usable space in the 16-biiaddress structure of the 6809 system was almost fully allocated and a special technique was required to allow addition of the 64K of RAM which the proces.sors would need. The technique used is called hank-swilching and, witli it, the 64K of RAM is logically divided into 16 pages, each containing 4K. A 4K iriixioit' in the address space can be positioned over any one of lhe.se 16 pages by .simply setting a byte in the I/O area of memory. In the SuperPET. this window occupies addresses 9000-9FFF (hexadecimal) in the address space (see figure).
The Language Processors
Lhe various high level languages are implemented in the Waterloo microSyslem by means of interpre- tive language processors. This means the APL, BASIC, FORTRAN and PASCIAL programs are stored internally in an encoded format, l^hese encoded statements arc then intcrpretively executed by a "run-time" supervisor imiciue lo eat h language. Such an approach makes it possible to stop program execution, examine and modify pr{)grani variables and data, and then resume execution irom the place where it suspended. In APL and B.\SIC, it is even possible to interrupt and modify the program itself and then continue execution.
All the languages interface with the host com- puter, the serial line and the various disks and printers on the lF.EE-488 bus using a tonimon file system interface supplied in the Waterloo niit ro- Svstem librarv. It provides 100 percx'iu compati- bility among data files across the various language proces.sors. These file system iunc tioiis. and many
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34
COMPUTE!
November, 1981 Issue 1B
Others such as trigononietric functions, string manipulation routines and a floating point emula- tor, are available through documented interfaces to the machine language program as well using the 6809 Assemble Development System.
System Highlights APL
The APL processor follows the well known IBM/ ACM 79 standard for the language. Some highlights of the system:
— All the standard primitives are imple- mented, including matrix-divide, dyadic-trans- pose, foriTiat, and execute.
— Functions such as quad-CR and quad-FX allow the dynamic creation and modification of functions.
— Direct access to memory and machine lan- guage programs is provided with quad-PEEK, quad-POKE, and quad-SYS {including gener- alized parameter- passing).
— A powerful, full-screen editor allows easy modification of functions. It also accepts in- dentation and comments to enhance program readability.
— The SuperPET screen supports all the APL characters (including overstrikes) and also provides a nimiber of common graphics.
— An APL-sequential file feature allows stor- age and retrieval of complete APL data items including rank, shape, and type.
— A BARE-sequential file feature allows transmission of arbitrary strings of bytes in and out of the workspace.
— Relative files are also supported.
BASIC
The BASIC processor includes the ANS Minitrial BASIC stanciard featuies as well as several note- worthy extensions:
— Variable, Array, Function and Procedure names can eacli be uniquely defined using up to 31 characters.
— Multi-line funclions and procedures can be written and called with parameter passing. This featiuc can be used to implement recur- sive algorithms.
— The family of MAT (matrix manipulation) statements are im])!emente(l.
— A number ol structured co:itrol statements provide a facilil) to enhance program style.
— Support a program text indentation and conmienls following statements further en- hance program leadability.
— A powerful generalized string/substring feature has been included.
— Built into the svstem is a broad set of func-
tions to perform common ojjerations such as SIN, COS, LEN, HEX$, ORl), and VALUE. There are about 35 such functions available.
— Error trapping allows interception of, and recovery from, most run-time errois.
— Comniands sucli as RENUMBER, AUTO- LINE, and MERGE allow easy manipulation of the BASIC program source code.
A full-screen editor makes changing existing statements simple.
FORTRAN
The FORTRAN processor implements a powerful sub-setVextension of the standard language. It in-
Multi-line functions and
procedures can be written
and called with parameter passing.
eludes many of the popular features of the well known WATFIV-S compiler as well as many fea- tures described in the FORTRAN-77 standard. This "Waterloo dialect" of FORTRAN includes:
— FORMAT statements
— Subroutines and functions
— Multi-dimensional arrays
— Extended character string manipulation
— Structured Program Control statements
— Sccjucntial and Relative file support
— An interactive debugging facility
PASCAL
The PASCAL processor implements a version of the language whit Ii corresponds < losel)' to the draft of the International Standard Organization (ISO) PASCAL comiTiittee, a refinement of the original langtiage definition by Jenses and Wirth. Fealiues inclmle:
— Text file suppoi t
— Pointer variables
— Multi-dimensional arrays
— An interactive debugging faciliiy including breakpoints, single step etc.
— Extensive data-typing capabilities
Assembly
1 he EDII OR is a processor which j)ro\ ides a powerfid means of creating and niainlaining gen- eral data and program files. It is a line-orienied, contextual editor with many features:
— GET and PUT commands retries c entire
At long last. A complete line of Voice I/O peripherals for Commodore computers, starting at $119.
Let's fflceil. Voice l/Olsa fascinating and eff iclen t way 10 communlcale with computers. And now, thanks to VOICETEK. Voice I/Operipherals are easily available, fiaay to use and very affordable.
If you own a Commodore computer, we give you a choice of three different peripherals that will enable your computer lo understand your spoken commands. And two of these peripherals will talk back.
What's in a name.
We call each member of our family of Voice I/O peripherals COGNIVOX, from COGNItive and VOX. It helps you remember that when you talk, COGNIVOX thinks about what you say.
The top-of-!hc-line COGNIVOX model for the PET/CBM is VlO-1002. II offers natural sounding voice output and excellent performance as a speech tscognizer. It costs only $249.
If the quality of voice output is not important for your application, then you can save SlOO by ordering VIO- 432. Priced at $149, VlO-432 is ideal for hobbyists or persons mainly interested in speech recogniton.
Finally, if you have an 8K PET, there is insufficient memory for voice response, so we offer a recognition- only COGNIVOX, model SR-IDOP. It costs S119, making it the lowest priced speech recognizer ever offered for sale, Yel its performance rivals Ihat of units selling at much higher prices.
Which brings us lo the next point we would like lo make, namely, why we offer so much performance for 30 little money.
It's the technology.
Our Voice I/O peripherals are based on a technological breakthrough that made it possible to compress the required electronics onto a single integrated circuit chip. We are the only company so far that has achieved this remarkable feat. No wonder we offer such reasonably price voice peripherals.
In addition, COGNIVOX uses an exclusive non-linear, learning pattern matching algorithm to do speech recognition. Which means more reliable performance and ease of use.
What makes it talk.
COGNIVOX digitizes and stores in memory [using a data compression algorithm) the voice of the user. This gives three major advantages:
First, there are no restrictions to the words COGNIVOX can say. If you can say it (or sing it. or whistle it for that matlerl your computer can do ll too. Second. It is very easy to program your favorite words: just say them in the microphone. Third, you have a choice of voices, male, female, child, accents, etc. this unprecendented flexibility offered by COGNIVOX is a must in the personal computer environment. Voice synthesizers and the "talking chips" do not offer this flexibility and therefore we feel they are not suitable for use with personal computers. In addition, voice output quality can be poor, especially for synlhesiiers. In thai respect. VIO-1002 is clearly superior to anjThingelse on the market and it is a must if voice quality is important (for example, business applications).
computer
Some specifications
COGNIVOX can be trained lo recognize words or short phrases drawn from a vocabulary of up to 32 entries chosen by the user.
Training COGNIVOX to your vocabulary is easy. All you have to do is repeat the words three times at the prompting of the computer.
If you would like to have COGNIVOX respond !o more than 32 words, you can have two or more vocabularies of 32 words and switch back and forth between them using a word.
The Voice output vocabulary can have up to 32 words phrases. Data rale is approximately 700 byte per word.
Ready to listen.
All COGNIVOX units are complete Voice I/O peripherals ready to plug in and use. They come assembled and tested and they include microphone, cassette with software and manuals, VIO units include built-in speaker and amplifier jycs, CB2 is also connected for music and sound effectsj.
They all plug into the user port and they receive their power from the cassette port except V1O-10C2 which uses a wait transformer supplied with the unit.
User Manual
Easy to use.
All you need to get COGNIVOX up and running is to plug it in and load one of the programs supplied. Load the demo program and start talking to your computer right away. Or load one of the games and discover the magic of voice control.
It is easy to write your own talking and listening programs too. A single statement in BASIC is all that you need to say a word or to recognize a word. Full instructions on how to do it are given in the manual.
Works with all versions.
COGNIVOX will work with all versions of the PET/CBM line. Old, new and newer ROMs. At least 16K of RAM is required (SR-IOOP will work with SK of RAM).
If you have a disk system, you can use it to save vocabularies. Instructions are given in the manual.
Many uses.
With COGNIVOX your imaginalion is not the limit as the saying goes. It is the starting point. Cognivox is a super toy. an educational tool, an aid to handicapped, a data entry device white hands and eyes are busy, a foreign language translator, a sound effects generator, a telephone dialing device, an answering machine, a talking calculator. Using the IEEE 468 port you can control by voice instruments, plotters, lest systems. And all these devices can talk back lo you, telling you their readings, alarm conditions, even their name.
Order your COGNIVOX now.
To order by mail, give us the model number of the unit you wish to order, (he make and model of your computer and your name and address. Enclose a check or money order and make sure to include S5 for shipping and handling. CA residents please add 6% tax ^ Ydu may also order by phone and charge it to your Master Charge or VISA Our phone number is [805] 685-1854 9AM lo 5PM PST. Monday through Friday. Foreign orders are welcome, please add 10% for air mail shipping and handling, Payments must be in US funds. COGNIVOX is backed by an 120-day limited warranty against manufacturing defects.
VOICETEK
P.O. Box 388,Goleta, CA 93116
$6
COMPUTE!
November. 1981 Issue 18
files of data into the machine for editing and then save them back on external devices.
— SEARCH and CHANGE faciHties, including global change, provide for easy modification of text.
— A full-screen capability allows individual changes to be made by simply moving the cursor around the screen and entering the changes.
— A set of function keys provides extensive cursor movement and scrolling facilities.
The 6809 Development System is comprised of an Editor, and Assembler and a Linker. Code entered via the Editor can be assembled into relo- catable modules by the Assembler. Then these modules are combined and relocated by the Linker to produce an "executable load module." This load module can be loaded into the machine, executed, and debugged using the Monitor buill into the Waterloo microSystems Supervisor. Some features of the Assembler are:
— Motorola 6809 Assembler language
— Macro capability
— Pseudo-opcodes for structured programming
— Long label names allowed
— Produces relocatable object code Some features of the Linker are:
— The ability to combine many relocatable object files into a single load module.
— Relocates code to any arbitrary machine location
— Supports the 'bank-switched" RAM feature of the SuperPET making it almost transparent to the user.
— When used with the supplied file "WATLIB.EXP," provides automatic symbolic linkage to the functions available in the Water- loo microSystems Library.
The Operating System
The Waterloo microSystems Supervisor resides in the ROM of the SuperPET. It has many of the features of a true operating system. These include:
— The facility to load 6809 machine language programs into the SuperPET RAM including liank-s witched memory.
— Full-.screen monitor facilities to examine and modifv arbitrary locations in menKjry: bytes are displayed in both hexadecimal and character formats.
— A built-in disassembler to facilitate exami- nation of jjrograms residing in the machine.
— \ built-in library of functions used by the high le\el language processors, but available to the mat hinc language programmer.
Figure L
MEMGRT HPP
;cMMi:iN
i
5502'
COMMODORE
6 80 9
16 'ir. BLOCKS
SUPERPET
CONTROL! ! !
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See COMPUTE! April 1981 for Eric Rehnke's review.
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COMPUTEf
Novenibet, 19S1. Issue 18
— A seii;>l-linf .setup loiiiiiic to set ilu' l);iii(l rate, st(>|)bii, aiul p;nily iiseti lo esiahlisli ilie host-protocol parameters for niainlraine eoimmmications witli the HOSTCM program.
— A "passtlnu" terminal inode (o coiniiuinicate tlirectlv with a remote computer \ia the seiial RS232'line. @
SuperPET: A Preview
Bill MocLean
BMB Compuscience
Milton, Ontario
The clav is near when we will all start to see a lot ol SiiperPF.'l s, so we thou,i>hl it was time to describe the system and try to spec iilate on the signilieaiice oi the design. In reality, the Snperl'K I is two dif- ferent computers in the same tabiiiet. It is the old (today!) 8032 with which we are all familiar, with a few new wrinkles. It is also a brand new (iSO'J based computer system with ouistanding i)oieiuial in its own right. We w ill try to e\ aliiate it in eac li ol these two categories.
SuperPET — 6502
Looked ill one wav, the onls dilferente between the SuperPet and the S()32 is the R.\M (a[Kicity and the I/O system. There is (MR oi' additional R,\.\I m (he Su]jerPF.'r. It is mapiK'd as Hi4K blocks all lesiding in the bloc k S<)0()()-S9FI"1-. This iTtay seem im]iossible, but it is done by write-only register at SF.FKC; (<)143(i) which allows the pro- grammer to select which oi the Hi blocks can be read and written to in the $<)()()() l)lock. For example, to select the Ifnh block, the register ai .SF.FFC; numbered 0- 1. ^.) In addition lo this extra RAM, lliere is an intetligtrii I'S.VR I (Iniveisat Synchro- nous, Asviuhr(»nous Receiver Ifansceiver) oi R.S- 232C port located ai the l)ase address ,1>FKF() ((il-i24). 'Fhis device allows ihe piogramniei- the option of software selecting such .sei ial comniunic aiions paratnelers as Band rate, word length, mnnber ol stop bits, parit\, etc . The rS.ARF used is the ()55 1 s\stem. It is a chip current Iv l)eing manulac tured by MOS 'I'echnologv and is siitnilated in software on Ihe VIC. 20.
■fhe lu'sl (lueslion eveiyone seems lo ask abonl the R.\M capacity is "will mv Xisicalc use- ihe c-xira niemorv" or "will niv H.ASK; [ii-ogratiis now acct-ss
the addiiional meni(tr\?"I'lu' airswer is i»y. Il would re(|Liire substantial modificaticjii IVjr any oi the existing operating systems to use this additional memory. Howe\cr. this is true of any conventional memory expansion .scheme that lakes out: cjver the 65 K boundary on an 8-bit processor. That was the bad news, now (or the good. Manv of vour favorite programs will be modiiied to run on the SuperPET and will utilize the extended memory. The ccjncept ni' f)f I ^I'tl memor\' Is a \ er\' })owerfnl one. Once the ste[) has been taken to design systems using this conce|jt, \irtualh' unlimited RAM can be used, guaranteeing nuich easier expansion in tlie future as the price of R.\M drops.
SuperPET — 6809
\'ou may well ask what is a b(S()9, and why is there one in a Coiiuncxicjrc prcxiiicl? This micnjprocessor is a logical extension of the 6800 and the 6502, just as the 6502 was a logical extension of the 6800. It is a pseudo Hi-BIT processor. This means that all of the internal regisiers and the slack poinier(s) are If) bits long. Fhis allows comfortable addressing ainvvhere in the address bus range. There are some other major differences. particiilarU suitable to the creation oi position-independent code. It is in the areas of compactness cjI run-time code, the use of the stack, and the position-independent code capahililies thai the 6809 shines. Fhese char- acteristics made it much more attractive to design the ,Su])erPK'F software systems using the 6809.
Describing the potential of this system is a little dif flcult. Under the VVatcom operating system, the machine is realK several distinct com]iuler5. This operating s\ stem consists linidamenlalh' of a 22K ROM set occupying the top half of the 65K address range just as the- (!B.\I system does. Fliis area con- tains all system iil)iaries, I/O routines, monitor {6809} etc. 'Fhe languages (BASIC, FORTRAN, API., PASC;AI.. anc'j Assembler) all reside on a diskette in drive I and are called irom a memi. Fhe languages each load into the §9000 blocks and execule lliere. Fhis is one of the first unusual things to notice about the system. \o matter how large the interpreters are, they don't take more than IK out of the memor\ nia]J. Fhis lueairs thai the lower ;i2K oi 80.'i2 memory Is a\'ailable lo each of the languages for the progiam and \'ai iabic storage. Fhe facility tor c leating software that runs out of this paged memoiy is inc hided in the as- sembler de\elopmeul system supplied witli the Superl'F.'F. Fhis is one of ihe most signilicaiii contributions lo the future software growth ol this product.
The Manuals
( )n the subjecl of docunR-iU.iiion, ilu-fc are live manuals inc hided in the s\siem, one for eac h lan- guage. Fhese manuals are tutorial examples. Of
November. 1 981. Issue 18
COMPUTE!
39
Every PET Needs a Friend.
CURSOR is I he best friend your Commodore PET vvill ever hiive. Since luly, 1978 we h.nve pubfished 150 of the most user-friendly programs for (he PET available anywhere. When we write or edit a program, we spend lots of time fussing about how it will treat you, We pay attention to lots of little things that help make using a computer a pleasure instead of a pain,
Naturally. CURSOR programs are technically excelleni. Each program thai we purchase is extensively edited or re- written by a professional programmer. But /mag(na(/on is just as important as being user-friendly and technically good! We delight in bringing you off-beat, unusual programs that "show off" the abilities of your PET or CBM,
CURSOR is liser-friendly, technically great and full of imaginative programs, .^ntl every issue of CURSOR is siill available! We continue to upgrade previously published programs so that they'll work on the three varieties of Commodore ROM's (Old, New, and 4.0), New issues also work on the 80 column CBM,
For only S4,95 you can buy a sample issue and judge for yourself. Or send $13 for a four-isstie subscription. Each CURSOR comes to you as a C-30 cassette with five pro- grams and a graphic Front Cover, ready to LOAD and RUN on your PET.
Who knows? After your PET meets CURSOR, things may never be the same!
AUTHORIZfD OtSTRIBUTORS:
Cre^t Britain AUDIOGENIC lid. P O Flo> 88 KiMilin^, Qcrkihirr Holknd COPVTRONICS BtTijt'rneesIpr
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theCODE WORKS
Box 550
Goleta. CA 9J116 805-663-1585
CBM/PET INTERFACES
RS-232 SERIAL PRINTER INTERFACE - addressable - baud rates to 9600 - switch selectable upperlower, lower'upper case - works with WORDPRO. BASIC and othier software - Includes case and power supply.
MODEL -ADA1450 149.00
CENTRONICS/NEC PARALLEL INTERFACE - address- able - high speed - switch selectable upper/iower, lower'upper case - works witfi WORDPRO. BASIC and other software - fias Centronics 36 pin ribbon connector at end of cable.
MODEL -ADA1 600 129.00
CENTRONICS 730-737 PARALLEL INTERFACE - as above but with Centronics card edge connector at end of cable.
MODEL -ADA730 129.00
COMMUNICATIONS INTERFACE WITH SERIAL AND PARALLEL PORTS - addressable - software driven - true ASCII conversion - selectable reversal of upper- lower case - baud rates to 9600 - half or full duplex - X- ON. X-OFF -selectable carriage return delay-32 char- acter buffer - Centronics compatible — mucli more,
MODEL -SADI 295.00
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER - 1 6 cfiannels - 0 to 5.12 volt input voltage range - resolution is 20 milli- volts per count - conversion time is less than 1 00 micro- seconds per channel,
MODEL -PETSET1 295,00
REMOTE CONTROLLER WITH CLOCKCALENDAR - controls up to 256 devices using the BSR X10 remote control receivers - 8 digital inputs, TTL levels or switch closure — 8 digital outputs, TTL levels.
MODEL - PETSET2 295,00
All prices are in US dollars for 1 20VAC.
Prices on 220 VAC slightly higher.
Allow $5,00 shipping & handling, foreign orders
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(203)775-4595,
Dealer inquiries invited.
Connecticut microcomputer, Inc.
34 Del Mar Drive, Brookfield, CT 06804 203 775-4595 TWX: 710 456-0052
40
COMPUTE!
November. 1981. Issue 18
course, since the languages are stanciaids, many texts are available to help the beginner.
We mentioned libraries above. It has appeared that Microsoft and Commodoie have gone out ot their way in the past to hide their code entry points
This bridging of thie tremendous
gap between traditional
computertsts and micro users
con only benefit botti sides.
from legitimiate users. 1 am happy to say that this is ntJt tlie case with the Watconi system. The entire operating system is jump table oriented and liic table eiUries and setup conditions are described in the very complete manuals which accompany the system. I sat down and wrote a complete disk handler with error trapping and all in under 200 bytes using the available calls and documentation. The greatest significance ol'the SuperPK T is the perception people will liave oi it. lo the micro user, it is a logical extension of the Conrmodore product line, but to the ni<jre traditional computer communilv, it is something entirely different. This is probably the first small computer at a reasonable cost that supplies the operating system and lan- guages of larger .systems and the communications interface to effectively u.se them. The impact of having the traditional computer comnuitiity using this tyjie of machine will be lelt very rapidly in software availability. People u.sed to programming in FORTR.W (or especially API.) will be able to piU complex software systems, which have been used for years, on the micro. This biidging of the tremendous gap between traditional computerisls and micro users can only bene! it both sides. There are an awiul lot of accunuilaled man hours of experience from which we should be able to profit.
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More Information
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Namp |
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rompanv |
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fity |
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zip . |
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Madison Computer
1825 Monroe, Madison Wl, 53711 USA
1181 M,Mi5on coiiiliuter MCICrrti li ,1 IMOenwrk of M.idisnn conioiitor M.lOison. Wl
80 COLUMN GRAPHICS
^^mw^fir
^MS
OcarrnTiQcte^
CBIVI
eornputer
'm
The image on the screen was created by the program below.
10 VISMEM: CLEAR
20 P=160; Q=100
30 X?=144: XR=1. 5*3, 1415927
40 YP=56: ^^~\: 2P=64
SO XF=XR/XP: YF=yP/irH; 2F=XR/ZP
60 FOR ZI=-Q TO Q-1
70 IF. ZK-ZP OS ZI>SP GOTO 150
80 Z?=gI*XP/ZP; ZZ=ZI
90 XL=INT(.5+SQR(XP*XP-ZT*2T}}
100 FOR XI=-XL TO XL
110 XT=SQR{XI*XI+2T*2T)*XF: XX=XI
120 Y¥=(SIN(XT)+.4*SIN(3*XT))*YF
130 GOSUB 170
14 0 NEXT XI
150 NEXT ZI
160 STOP
170 Xl=XX+ZZ+P ,
180 Yl=YY-ZZ+Q
190 GHODE 1; MOVE XI, Yl: WRPIX
200 IF Y1=0 goto' 220
210 GMODE 2: LIME Xl,Yl-l,Xi,0
220 RETURN
The Integrated Visible Memory for the PET has now been redesigned for the new 12" screen 80 column and forthcoming 40 column PET computers from Commodore. Like earlier MTU units, the new K-1 008-43 package mounts inside the PET case for total protection. To make the power and flexibility of the 320 by 200 bit mapped pixel graphics display easily accessible, we have designed the Keyword Graphic Program. This adds 45 graphics commands to Commodore BASIC. If you have been waiting for easy to use, high resolution graphics for your PET. isn't it time you called MTU?
K-1008-43M Manual only $10 (credited toward purchase} k-1008-43 Complete ready to install package $495
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Write or call today for our full line catalog describing all MTU 6502 products, including our high speed 8" Floppy Disk Controller for up to 4 megabytes of PET storage.
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' 2BD6 Hillsborough Slreet PO. Box 12106 Raleiflh. NC 27605. U.S.ft. (91918331458
W^WA
NOW 80 COLUMN PETS CAN HAVE MTU HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS
42
COMPUTE!
November, 1981. Issue 18
Japanese Micros: A First Lool(
Andy Gamble Columbia College, Vancouver. Canada
Surprise, siirpiisc! The Jap;niosc passion fbi" things small and electronic has finally (unieci to the world ot the computer. The expertise the Japanese bioiiglit to transistoi" radios, stereos, and — dare I say it? — cars, now moves into inicroconipuler technology. A familiar story?
Let me backtrack a little. I fust visited Japan in spring 1980, and. although this was just a holiday, I couldn't resist investigating what they had to oiler in the way of micros. (I think this jiarticiilar clisease has been termed "mici'oholism.") I he strange thing was that I couldn't find hide nor hair of the little beasts. It seems that personal computers were almost imknown in Japan then.
At last I loiuid the liit Inn in Tokyo: it wasn't that it was hidden, just low-j^rollle. It seemed a typical computer shop bv western standards: some PF.Ts. Apples, TRS-80s. litit what was that over tliere? 'V'es. a true Japanese micro, the Sharp MZ-SO. And was ilial a mat liine made l)\ NECi? More about these later.
Try as I might, I couldn't lind much further evidence of personal computers in Japan (I feel that I'm going to he contradicted on this) imtil my second visit a year later, liv I9H1, the whole story seemed to ha\c changed. It \vasn't that there were significantly more computer shops around, but most lai gc department stores (and they get really large in Japan) now had their own micro depart- ment.
Here, then, is a l)iiei rundown on some ma- chines available today in Japan. The prices given are the result of a lough comersion of ven to dollars which, as we all kno^v. is subject to c hange. It should also be noted that Japanese consinner products are often sold at a discoimt of up to 20 percent.
SHARP MZ-80B
I^csigners oi per.sonal computers should lake a long, close look at tiie Sharp MZ-8()Ii. lis modern silver-gray case contains a 10" monitor, a cassette drive with "logical" tape control, and a full-size ke\board. In a word, it looks really, afiem, sharp. The Z-80A microprocessor runs at 4Mh7. and can support u]3 t()(>4K of RAM. f^igh-resolution graphics capability enables the Japanese kalakana symbols to be written. The cursor keys are excep- tionally appealing. Ten user-defined fimction keys
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r~i~!~nTTt — 1 ~i~m |
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i J T-^-in T M i M i 1:1 M.l^:; |
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L__i ' • * 1 |
1 1-1 1 (It i; j-j j;gm |
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^^JUI |
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complement the keyboard layout. The machine is RS-2.^2 and IEEE-488 compatible.
Apart from the usual BASIC, other languages and oper- ating systems avail- able include FOR- IRAN 80, COBOF SO. a basic; com- piler, FORTH and CT/M. The prices is around .S1400. Sharp also manufactures the MZSOBPf) dot- matrix printer, an
80 cps machine selling for .?700, the MZ-80CR card reader, capable of reading 1 50 cards per minute and the MZ-80BF dual mini-floppv rlisk drive with 572 Kbyte storage lor $1500. A truly impressi\'e system.
NEC PC-8000 Series
NEC IS clearly aiming the S800 PC-800I micro at the business maiket, but interest in the machine is very strong from the educalional and scientilic- professional fields. The PC-8001 supports high- resoknion color — the monitor is $450 extra — and has perhaps ihe best color I have ever seen. The CPU is a PD780C-I, which apparently is simi- lar to the Z80A. and
runsat4MHz. The st~r:S^S^~^^. "tItS Japanese seem to s'^'^^^^^^T^^ ZZZZa
be big on function i.,„-„,.,.-,^,„,-,„ i^,^^si»
keys:' the PC-8()01 t.- .„_ .
has five.
This series also includes ihe 802:^ printer, a dot-matrix type at S900, and two dual disk drives of 286Kbytes at about S 1300. Is the cheaper one an "expansion" disk dri\e? I couldn't find oui.
CASIO FX-9000P
Casio is a well known name in North America (or its range oi calculators and watches, but in Japan also for computers and electronic musical instru-
NEW!
EDUCATIONAL
SOFTWARE FOR CHILDREN
from MICROGRAMS, INC.
Designed to supplement curriculum in Grades K-8 Classroom tested Programmed with sound and advanced motivational graphics
Expect more from your PET. . .
Tutorial and Review Programs available for Math, Reading, Language, Science, Social Studies, Vocabulary, Spelling, and special interest areas Testing and Grading programs for Teachers
MICROGRAMS
INCORPORATED
P.O. BOX 2146, LOVES PARK, IL 61 130 PHONE 81 5/965-2464
I ] Please send me a free catalog.
NAME
I ] Please send me a sample program and a free catalog. I have enclosed $2-00 for postage and handling.
ADDRESS CITY
STATE
ZIP
PET is the registered trademark for Commodore Business Machines, Santa Clara, CA.
'44
COMPUTE!
November. 1981. Issue 18
ments. The FX-900()P is anollicr well designed machine with an integral monitor. TIic Z80A microprocessor runs at 2.75MHz and supporls up to 32 K RAM with high-resokition grapliics. Most BASIC, keywords are availahlc from ihc keyboard with a single stroke of a key — a nice time .saver. There are several stalislicai commands. BASIC itself, and expansion R.\M (16K dynamic), is ob- tained by plug-in ROM-packs inserted into the front of the machine. The base price is SHOO, witli the ROM-packs costing aroimd $90 each.
Fujitsu Micro 8
Hold onto yoiu- hats. This machine is especially impressive. For around SI 200 you gel the fol- lowing: Not one, but two microproce.ssors, l)olh 680ys, which address up to I28K. Available RAM is only 32K, but that's becau.se tlie residetu BASIC is huge and color is supported with high-resolution graphics. Some idea of the power involved can be guessed from the graphic commands CIRCLF,, CONNECT, SYMBOL and FAIN'F. UCSI) Pascal and FLEX are also available.
For the Japanese, one of the delights this computer offers is the ability to reproduce the three different Japanese scripts: kalakana (u.sed for foreign wcjrds), hiiagana, and kanji. When you realize that katakana and hiragana each contain about 50 characters, and a small, usable subset of tiie kanji (Cliinese characters) would amoimt to several lumdred characicrs, you cannol fail to be impressed. Normal English letters, numerals, and symbols arc also there, of course.
Bubcom 80
Apart from the now usual Z80-based, 64 K user R.'\M. 640x200 pixel high-resoluiion color display (optional) and eight fiuiclion keys, I would have to admit tliat this machine is rather strange. It has 64 K of bubble memory. , I'liat's right, bubbles. Eight inch disk drives with up to 1.2 Mbytes of memory are avail- able. Are we looking at the future generation of personal compulers here, with so much memory they can remember your shopping lists for 10 years? Prices start at $1800.
The Rest
Wheieas voifd expect electronic concerns like Sharp to be producing compiUers. it came as a bit of a shock to discover how many hi-f"i companies were also in the game. HIT.\CHI. for instance, manufacturers the MB-6890, whose 6800 CPU can handle 32 K of color with five function keys (again) and an RS232 interface. Plug-in boards are acce|)ted in a similar maimer lo the Apple, all foi §1500. The same series includes the MP- 1040 printer at $900 and the MP-3540 dual disk drive at $ ! 500.
TEAC produces the4MHzZ80A- cl riven PS-85: the case for the monitor also contains the two disk drives. FORTRAN is available on this system.
SANYO makes several monochi'omc monitors, including the popular DDN-120C at S230.
As for "foreign machines," there's .still a great interest show n in Commodore, Apple, and Radio Shack products. Its no secret that Commodore intnxluccd the VIC into Japan first, where it's had lime to create a strong following. Be on (he lookout for some impressive VIC ])rograms to sin face from Japan. The VIC-20 is called \'IC-I001 there, but tfie (jnly difference that I can see is the yen symbol where the English poirnd sign is, and the katakana characters re]jla( ing one set oi graphics characters on the keys. The VIC- 100 1 costs about $350 in its 5K form, more than holding its own against competitively priced Japanese models.
Exactly who buys these machines? No doubt the computer companies would like to sa\ that scientists, professionals, and educators do: the advertising is certainly aimed at those people, .^nd, true, it is not yet common for people to have cc;m- puters for fim, or for their own erudition, as it is in North America. But then why is it ihat the software offered for sale includes so many games? Fhe truth is that Japan is a nation besotted with video games (.\merica is fast catching up), and this is reflected in the programs that are produced. Not just passable — JM'ifi'cl imitations of the po]Kilar video games are to be found lor all the major machines. Most Japanese computers support the rec]uired high-resolution graphics ancl sound for this.
In The Coming Years
The Japanese have recently annomuecl that their go\ernment and private sector will cooperate on a ten-vear plan: the development of a "fifth genera- tion" computer. Fhe goal is the developmeii! ofa machine which will perform with great [xiwcr. It is hoped that the machine will lia\e ilie abilit\ to wi-ite its own programs, understand s|>oken luunan commands at a quite sophisticated level, and ac- comjjlish other tasks wlii( h are far Ix-vond i tirrent techno!og\ . B\ "fifth generation." the Jaiumese seem to mean, essenliallv. artiiuial intelligence.
What impact will the present Ja|)anese micro- computers ha\e on world matkiis in tlu' next few vcars? Will ihev manage to siuge ahead in high- speetl processoi- technology-, in menior\ si/e ;mu1 deusilv. in artificial intelligence? Com|)ittei ists around the world will be paying attention to the Japanese elTorls in coming years.
November, 1981, Issue 18
COMPUTI!
45
LETTER QUALITY WORD PROCESSOR PRINTER/TYPEWRITER
FOR NEC, APPLE, TRS 80, COMMODORE, ATARI, H.P,, OSBORNE 1
OLYMPIA ES100
■ 92 character electronic
keyboard
■ B character buffer memory
• Dual pitch, 10 and 12
■ 17.5C,P,S
• All settings from keyboard
■ Auto, correction
■ Daisy type print mechanism
■ Cartridge ribbons
• 14 1/8 inches writing line " 1400 dealers nationwide
REN TEC ES
Installation in 15 minutes
using existing ESlOO
cables CIv/IOS logic for mminnal
drain on ES100 power
supply Hi or low true status bits Accepts RS232 serial with
7 crystal controlled Baud
rates Accepts Centronics parallel
interface Selectable auto, line teed
|
A ft |
sn |
|
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^ |
|
M^ 'iq |
■PI |
|
BBB^Sli |
$1495.00* TYPEWRITERS INTERFACE $295.00*INTERFACE
RENfllSSflNGE
TECtiNDLQEY
EQRPQRFITIEIN
3347 VINCENT ROAD
PLEASANT HILL, CALIFORNIA 94523
(415)930-7707
NEC Dot Matrix Printer
100 CPS
Bidirectional printing Friction and tractor feed Parallel Interface Single ribbon cartridge
ATARI 10- Key Accounting Pad
NEC Monitors
12" Green Screen
12" RGB Color
12" Composite Video
DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME
795.00
124,95
285,00
1095.00
430.00
Perfectly Balanced
educationeil software
from
MICRO-ED
for
PET and VIC
■®
Send for our free catalog
* please specify PET or VIC
MICRO-tD, Inc, • P,0, Box 24156
Minneapolis, MN 55424 or telephone us at |612) 926-2292
VK Ml ft t 4f •»-
SPECIALS on INTEGRATED ClflCUITS
7.45 10/5.95 50/655 100*615
: 0/7.95 50/7,35
10/4.90 50/4 45
10/6.10 50/5 75
10/7.40 50/700
3-75 25/350
3.15 25/2 90
7.00 5/645
8.40 5.15 6.45 7.90
6502
6502/V6512A
6520 PIA
6522 WA
6532
2114-L200
2114-L300
2716 EPROM
2532 EPROM
6116 Nlliclil 2K x S CMOS R«IM
4116-200 111 HAM (NECl
Zero Insertion Force 24 pin Sockel
6550 RAM (PET 8K|
S-1 OQ Wire Wrap Sackel
100.'6.90 100.'415 100/5.45 100/6.60 tOO'3.25 100/2 65 10./5 90 14 50 M.SO
e Itr IS
2.00
12.70
2.40
A P Products 15% OFF APHobby-Blox 15% OFF
H
THE STAR MODEM
Fram Pnnllci/Uiirmon Dili SyiUnii
RS232 MODEM IEEE 488 MODEM RS23Z ccin IEEE 486 CCin
SALE SI28
SALE S!9g
SI 70
SZ70
We carry Apple 11+ from Bell & Howell
lullFOnTH+ lor Apjiit II $75
A (ull-featured FORTH with enhancemenls Contorms to FORTH Inleresi Group standards
VIC CHipaway - a tweaktxit game using Atari paddles 7
VIC Moon Mission 7
VIC Micro-Coder - a machine language ulilily program 1 0
VIC Blue Meanies from Oulef Space 9
VIC 21 • cas™ style Blackjack 9
VIC Slithcr/Supcr Slilh«r 9
VIC Biorhythm 9
VIC Space Math 9
VIC Car Chase 9
VIC viCalc - sophisticated visible caiculatoi 14
VIC Simon ■ audible and visual memory game 9
VIC 3K RAM (with 2 ROM SocketsI
65
CP/M Handtiook (with MP/M) Zaks 1 1 85
Programming the 6502 - Zaks 1000
Microorocessor Interlacing Techniques 1300
PET/CBM Personal Computer Guide (Osb<nne) 1200
PETandthelEEE-488 BuslGPIBl 12 25
6502 Assembly Language Prog ■ Levanthal 13 50
Z-80 Assembly l!anguage Prog ■ Levanthal 12 75 8080Ay8085 Assembly Language Programming 1 2 75
Z8000 Assembly Language Programming 16 00
6809 Assembly Language Programming 13.50
6800 Assembly Language Programming 12.75
The 68000 Microprocessor Handbook 5 75
BASIC and the Personal Computer (Dwyer) 1 1 00
252 Bethlehem Pike Colmar,
Qcommodore
lilt SALE
(995) 775
(2250) 1725 (1495) 1100 (1995) 1600
(500) 400 (1795) 1375 (2195) 1760
(395) 199
(995) (1295) (12951
(695)
(795) (75)
(299)
(395)
795
999
999
560
630
65
269
315
CALL
(1995) 1345
CBM-PET SPECIALS
8023 Punier - 1 36 col, 1 50 cps bi-direclional 8300 (Oiabk) 530) Daisy Wheel ■ 40 cps
bi-direcbonal 8032 80 x 25 CRT business keyboard Micro Mainframe
8096 Board (extra 64K RAM for 8032) 8050 Dual Disk Drive ■ I megabyte 8250 Dual Disk Drive ■ 2 megabyte CBM IEEE Modem 4016 full Size graphics keyboard 4032 full size graphics keyboard 4040 Dual Disk Drive - 330.000 byles 2031 Single Disk Drive ■ 165.000 byles 4022 Tractor Feed Printer C2N External Cassette Deck VIC 20 Color Computer VIC 1515 Graphic Pnnler Used CBM/PET Computers 8024-7 High Speed Pnnler
WE WILL MATCH ANY ADVERTISED PRICE '***EDUCAf|iDNAL DISCOUNTS ***
Buy 2 PET/CBM Compulia rKglve 1 FREE
WordPro 3 Plus - 32K CBM, disk printer 200
WordPro 4 Plus - 8032, disk, printer 325
OZZ Data Base System for CBM 8032 335
VISICALC for PET, ATARI, or APPLE 155
SM-KIT - Supir f>ET ROM UniiUii 40
Programmers Toolkit ■ PET ROM Utilities 35
PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36
2 Meter PET lo IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40
Dust Cover for PET 7
IEEE-Parallel Primer Interlace lor PET 110
IEEE-RS232 Printer Inlertace lot PET 120
The PET Revealed 17
Library of PET Subroutines 17
4 PART HARMONY MUSIC SYSTEM for PET
The Visible Music Montor, by Frank Levinson. allows you to easily enter, display, edil. and play 4 part harmony music Includes wfBle notes thru 64ths (with dolled and triplets), tempo change, key signature, transpose, etc The KL-4M unit includes D lo A converter and amplifier ready lo hook lo your speaker KI-4M Mutic Bum iltli VMM Pni|nm 160
Watanabe
Intelligent
Plotter
WKTANkBE tlU&l] PlDtlir WATtKtBE WX467S if Plotlir
DISK SPECIALS
SCOTCH (3M) 5" SCOTCH (3M| 8" Verbatim 6' Dtxible Dens Verbatim 5' Dalahfe (add 1 00 for Verbalim 5 BASF 5- sofi Wabash 5' m Plastic Box Wabash 8' in Rastic Box
10/2 75 50/2.65 100/2 60
10/2,80 50/2 70 100/2 65
10/345 50/3,35 100/3.20
10/245 50/240 100/2 35 plastic storage boxl
10/2.40 20/2 35 100/2 30
10/270 50/250 100/250
10/2 75 50.235 100/2 55
WE STOCK MAXELL DISKS
Diskette Storage Pages 1 0 for 3 95
Disk Library Cases 8" - 2.85 5" -2.15
Disk Hub Rings 8" - 50 g' 7.50 5" - 50 (0 600
CASSEHES ■ AiSFfl PE-611 PREMIUM
High output, low noise 5 screw housings C-10 10/.56 50/50 100/.48
C-30 10/.73 50/.6B 100/66
All other lenglhs available Write tor price list
SPECIALS
EPSON MX-BO Prlnlir
EPSON MX-BD F/T Printir
EPSON MX-70 Priilir
EPSON MX-100 Printir
Cetitronics 739 Printer with dot graphics 675
stahwbiteb out) wmn Printir 1445
Zenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor 115
Amdek Color Monitor 355
ALL BOOK ifii SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED
OSBORN£/McGraw-H.N. HAYDEN, SYBEiCetc
ZENITH DATA SYSTEMS
Z19 Video Terminal (VT-52 compatible) 725
ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor 115
Z39wilh46K 2150
Extra 16K RAM Board 115
Z47 Dual 8' Drive 2775
Synertek Systems
SYM-1 Mlcracomputer SALE 205
SYM BAS-1 BASIC or RAE 1/2 Assembler 85
iaM-2/80 Synertek Video and Keyboard 349
KTM-3/80 Synertek Tubeless Terminal 385
800 Computer
400 16K 810 Disk Drive 825 Pnnler 850 Interlace 32? Prtnlei Paddle Pair Joystick Pair I6K RAM Assembler/Editor Tele Link
749 DOS 2
329
449
629
139
359
17
17
85
46
20
Pilot
Microsoft BASIC
Educ Series 20'
MISSILE COMMANO
tSTEROIDS
STAB BHIBERS
Space Invade-s
Music Composer
Chess
Super Breakout
68 68 ■ oft 32 32 32 17 45 30 30
Write lot prices on other Alan itens
REVERSAL (Spracklen) 32K App(e 28,00
Data Manager (Lutus) 24K Apple 40,00
Energy Miser PET, Apple, Zenith 24 50
HislrvGraph (Boydl 4eK Apple 24 50
Data-Graph (Boyd) 48K Apple 40 00
Apple II Users Guide (Osborne) 1200
Introduction to Pascal (Sybex) 10.30
Pascal Handbook (Sybex) 12 00
Musical Applications ol Micros (Chamberlm) 20 00
Basic FORTRAN (Coan) 725
WRITE FOR CATALOG !
Add $1 .25 per order lor shipping. We pay l«ilance of UPS surface
tests. Regular prices sliflhtty higher. Prices subject to change.
KMMIVI Pascal for PET/CBM
$85
A subsei of standard Pascal wilh extensions,
- Machine language Pascal Source Eddor with cursor oriented wrndow mode
- Machine Language P-Code Compiler
- P-Code to mactiine language translator to optrmrjed object code
• Run-time package
• Floatrng poinl capability
- User manual and samplE programs
Requires 32K Please specify configuration.
EARL for PET |disk file based) S65
Editor, Assgmbler, Relocater, Linker
Generates refocalable object code using MOS Technology mnemonics Disk die input (can edit files larger than memory} Links .multiple object programs as one memory load. Listing output to Screen or printer. Enfianced editor operates in boltr command mode and cursor oriented "window' mode
RAM/ROM for PET/CBM
4K or 8K bytes of soft ROIVI with optional battery backup.
RAM.'ROM IS compatible witti any large keyboard macnme Plugs info one of the ROM sockets above screen memory to give you switcfi selected wnle protectable RAM Use RAM.'ROM as a software development tool to store data or machine code beyond lire normal BASIC range Use RAM.'ROM TO LOAD A ROM mage where you have possible conflicts with more than one ROM requiring the same socket Possible applications include machine language sort (such as SUPERSORT), universal wedge. Extramon. etc RAM.'ROM ■ ■ 4K $85
HAM/ROM --BK 120
Batlefy Backup Option 30
SUPERSORT by James Strasma $35
Supersorl is an excellent general purpose machine language soft ro<jtine (or PET/CBM computers Sorts both one and two dimensioned arrays at lightning speed in either ascending or descending order Ottie^ fields can be subsoted when a match is found, and fields need not be m any special order Sort arrays may be specified by name, and fields are random length Allows sorting by bit to provide 8 categories per byte The routine works with all PET BASICS. ad|usls lo any memory si2e. and can cd-exisl with other programs in high memory
SuperGraphics
by John Fluharly $30
SuperGraphics provides machine language extensions lo Commodore BASIC to allow fast and easy plotting and manipulation of graphics on the PET/CBM video display, as well as SOUfJD commands
Animations tf'at previously were loo slow or impossible without machine language subroul.nes now can be pro- grammed direcl ly in BAS IC Move blocks (or rocketships. etc.). or entire areas of I he screen with a single, easy to use BAS IC command Scroll any portion of the screen up. down. left, or right Turn on or off any of the 4000 (8000 on 8032} screen pixels with a single BASIC command In high resolution mode, draw vertical, horizontal, and diagonal lines Draw a box. fill a box. and move It around on the screen with easy to use B ASI C commands
Ttie SOUrJD commands allow you lo iniliate a noleor series of notes (or even several songs) from BASIC, and Ihen play them in the background mode without interfering with your BASIC program This allows your program to run al full speed with simultaneous graphics and music.
SuperGraphics commands include GflAPHIC. TEXT. RVS. SET. DRAW, FILL PLOT. MOVE. PRINT CSET CMOVE. DISPLAY. PUT, SWAP. PAUSE, and SOUND
Please specify machine type and ROM version, diskot tape
K,
Kim
fur PET/CBM Compnten
il
Self Calculating
DATA BASE
REPORT WRITER MAILING LIST
FLEX-FILE IS a set of flexible, friendly programs lo allow you to set up and maintain a data base Print files with a versatile Report Writer or a Mail Label routine Pro- grammers will find If easy to add subroutines to theif own programs to make use of Data Base files RANDOM ACCESS DATA BASE Record size limit is 250 characters. The number of records per disk IS limited only by the size of each record and the number ol records per disk is limited only by the sne of each record and the amount ol free space on the disk File maintenance lets you step forward or backward through a tile, add delete, or change a record, go lo a numbered record, or find a record by specified field The Find command locates any record when you enter all (or a portion of) the desired key Field lengths may vary from record to record to allow maximum packing of mfotmalion Files may be sorted by any deld and any tield may be specified as a key Seguential files from otfier programs may be converted to Flex- File formaL and Flex- File records may be converted lo sequential (WordPro. PaperMate. other word processors may also use Flex- File data) Maximum record Size, fields per record, and order of fields may be changed at any lime MAILING LABELS
With typical record Size of 1 27 characters, each disk can handle over 1000 records (about 2800 with B050 dnve) Labels may be primed any number wide, and may begin in any column position There is no limit on the number or order ol lields on a label, and two or three fields may be joined together en one line (like first name, last name, and title) A "lype of customer" field allows selective printing REPOflT WRITER
Print any field in any column For numenc fields, use decimal point lustification (and round to any accuracy) Define any column as a series of mathematical functions performed on other columns These functions include arithmetic operations and various log and trig functions Pass results of operations such as running tolal from row lo row Al Ihe end of the report, print total and/or average for any column Complete record selection, including lield within range, partem match, and logical functions can be specified individually or in combination wilh o!her parameters
FLEX-FILE by Mii;li»l Hllay $60
Please specify equipment configuration when ordering
Low Cost Disk Drive lor PET/CBM
PEDISK II from cgrs Mcrotech is a new disk system ready to plug inio yodf large keyboard PET/CBM PEDISK II offers speed, reliability. IBM compatibility Complete system pnces with DOS and cable 5' 40 track, 1 drive. f43K S525
5" iO track, I drive, 2e6K 690
B" IBM 3740 format 77 track. 250K 995
PROGRAM YOUR OWN EPROMS
Bnnding Iron for PET/CBM 179
EPROM Programmer with soltware for all ROM versions Includes all hardware and Software to program or copy 2716 and 2532 EPROMs
CBfW Sottvin
Legal Time Accounting Package 445 Medical Accounting Package Csmpltti CBM ButlMti Soflwin Pitkigi Can be tailored to meet most business requirements.
Technician's Investment Analysis Package 500
Dow Jones Portfolio Management 129
Personal Tax Calculator 65
Tax Preparation System 445
Wordcraft BO Wordprocessor Package 325
Pascal Development Package 235
Assembler Development Package 99
Intelligent Terminal Emulator 30
Softpac-l {Competitive Software) 29
FORTH for PET
BY L. C. Cargile and Michael Riley $50
Features include
lull FIG FORTH mcdel
all FORTH 79 STANDARD extensions.
structured 6502 Assembler with nested decision making macros
full screen editing (same as when programming in BASIC)
auto repeat key
sample programs
standard size screens (15 lines by 64 characters)
1 50 screens per disketle on 4040. 480 screens on 8050
ability to read and wnle BASIC sequential files.
introductory manual
reference manual Runs on any I6K or 32K PET/CBM (including 8032) with ROM 3br 4, and CBM disk drive Please specify configuration wt>er! ordering
Available soon
Metacompiler for FORTH S30
simple metacompiler for creating compacted objecl code which can be executed independently (without the FORTH sysleinl
PaperMate
60 COMMAND WORD
PROCESSOR
ay Michael Riley
ftg m^
Paper-Mate IS a full-fealured word processor for CBM/ PET Paper-Mate incorporates 60 commands to give you full screen editing with graphics for all 16K or 32K machines (including 8032). all printers, and disk or (ape drives. For writing text. Paper-Mate has a dehnable keyboard so you can use either Business or Graphics machines Shift lock on letters only, or use keyboard shift lock All keys repeal
Paper- Mate text editing includes floating cursor, scroll up or down, page forward or back, and repealing insert and delete keys Text block handling includes transfer, delete, append, save. load, and insert. All formatting commands are imbedded m text for complete control Commands include margin control and release, column adjust 9 lab sellings, vanatile line spacing. justify text, center text, and auto print form letter (variable block). Files can be linked so that one commarKl prints an entire manuscript. Aulo page page headers, page numbers, pause at end of page, and hyphenation pauses are included Unlike most word processors CBM graphics as well as text can be used Paper-Mate can send any ASCII code over any secondary address to any printer- Paper-Mate functions with f6/32K CBM/PET machines, with any printer, and with either cassette or disk. To order Paper- Mate, please specify configuration
Pipir-Mite on disk or ti|ie 40.00
Microchess Checker King Gammon Gambler Time Trek Bridge Partner Visicalc
1700 17,00 17.00 13.45 13.45 155.00
NiyiJen Sollwin
Complex Mathematics Engineenng Mathematics General Mathematics MCAPCircuil Analysis Program Energy Miser
12.70 12.70 12.70 21.00 24,50
Juktbox Strles lor PET by L C Cargile Excellent 4 part harmony music-write tor list AutDftiittd Simulations [EPY)Q Fantasy Gams
MICflD-REVENSI lor PET by Michael Riley 10
super machine language version of Othello Tunitil Vision / Kit S Mousi by Michael Riley ID
two excellent machine language maze programs
252 Bethlehem Pike Colmar, PA 18915
215-822-7727 A B Computers
WRITE FOR CATALOG
Add $1 .25 per order for shipping. We pay Ijafance ol UPS surface charges on all prepaid orders. Pnces listed are on cash discount basis. Regular prices slightly hi(fier. Prices subject to change.
48
COMPUTE!
November, 1981. Issue 18
Telecommunications, What Is It?
Michael E. Day Chief Engineer, Edge Technology
Editors Note: COMPITTI! is pleased to annoiniir Michael Day's new monthly cuhimii, Teleconinumicalioiis. Mike is a recugnized expert on this exciting aspect of computing. — RCL
Telecommumcatiotu has a rather ominous ring lo it, but, in reality, it simply means communication at a distance. Specifically, as the term is cintently used, it means that some sort of equipment is required to allow tlie commimication to occm".
Some time ago, before there was a personal computer or microcomputer, computers were very expensive. Because of this, only large companies could afford to buy and use them. Also, because of the very high cost, these buyers had to use the computer as much as possible in order to justify the cost of the computer.
Companies which were not able to utilize the computer all of" the time found that ihey could share their compulei with other companies wlio did not have a sufficient work load to justify purchasing a computer of their own.
At first, the information to be processed was hand carried to the computer site. This placed limils on the type and volume of work that could be shared, It became apparent that there was a need to communicate with the computer from a location awav from the computer. It wasn't too bad when the computer was only a couple of rooms away, but from across town, existing equipment just did not work.
There was, however, a com mini ications system in existence which had been built specifically to solve that vcrv problem — the telephone system. Uniortunately it was designed for voice cotnmuni- cations, not data communications.
Computers require binary (on/off) signals to connmuiicate. The telephone system was designed lo handle the continuously varying signals (analog) which make up voice signals. Because o( ihis dif ference, the computer could lujl l>e directly connected to the phone lines.
The Solution
To hel[) soKe this. Bell I.abs came tip with a device that ihev called a MODK.M. This allowed computers lo be attached lo the telephone network.
It was done bv using a continuously varying
signal (a carrier) lliat the telephone system could handle. Then, (hal signal is changed (MOdulated) by the computer's binary signals by a fixed amount.
At the other end of the phone line, anoiiier MODEM receives the signal and measures the change to convert (Dl.Modulate) the signal back into the binary signals that the other, "listening" computer can lUKlersland.
The method of changing the carrier signal used is called FSK (Frequency Sliift Keying).
When the computer is not sending anything, it is normally sending an ON (Binary 1) condition to the MODEM. When the MODEM hears the ON, it will transmit a signal at 1270 Hz. Wiien die com- puter starts to send something it will send an OFF (Binary 0) signal to the MODEM. Hearing this, the MODEM will change the f requencv it is transmitting to 1070 Hz,
At tlie othei' end o( tlie phone line, the oilier MODEM does just the opposite: it hears the 1270 Hz signal that the first MODE.M sent when it was transmitting the OFF signal and sends a corre- sponding OFF signal to its attached computet". When the first MODE.M changes its signal to 1070 Hz, it recognizes 1 his shift in f Vec|ucnc\' and changes the signal it is sending lo its compiUcr Iroin an OFF condition to an ON condition.
The changing of the frequency continues as the compiuer sends a stream of OFFs and 0\s to the other computer until it is done. It ihen reverts back to the continuous ON condition. Tliis is done so that the other .MODEM knows that vou are still there, but you Just don't have anything lo transmit at this time.
Fhis changing, or shifting, of the transmitted signal is why it is called frequency shift keying.
One And Two Way Talk
Seiuling in oni\ one direction is called simplex com- tnunicalion. Simplex communication does not expect (and in fact does not even allow!) any com- municaticMi in the reverse direction. Television is a form of simplex commimication: \'ou can watch it all you want, but vou cannot directly coimtumicate hack to the slaiion through your VV set (at least not yet) no matter how much you might want lo at times.
So here we run into a problem. What if the
With the Hayes direct-connect warranty. That's another reason
Micromodenn III" your Apple II can why it's the largest selling direct- connmunicate by phone with the connect modem for Apple 1 1
outside world. You can acce formation networks like ] The Source for a variety of business and personal applications, exchange programs with friends anywhere in North .^...-.- America, -'-^— '^•
. Programmable.
• Automatic dialing
"" — ^ g^jj answering?
Of course! We in-
Bjigrqr^upler dude programs on
^'^""Lkw**"^ ' ■/T^^'^'^'"^- clisk that dial phone
^tffloi*^.- # J numbers for you,
W-x^'::^^
even use \ Apple II when, you're away . . from your home • , or office.
Dependable. The Micromodem II is so dependable it comes with a two-year limited
j|J*|||UgJ>gWMg^rl|IIU<^*UIU
, ■ away and much more! I Complete. \bu get everything you need to com- municate with other Bell 103 compatible modems at 1 10 or 300 baud. The serial interface
is built-in, and we even include our FCC-approved Microcoupler^" that plugs directly into any modu- lar telephone jack in the U.S. - you don't even need the phone!
S-100, too. The Hayes Micromodem 100 gives S-100 microcomputers all the advan- tages of our Micromodem II!
Put the outside world inside your computer with a data com-
Available at computer stores na- tionwide-call or write for the location near- est you. And
don't settle for anything less
than Hayes.
The Hayes MiGramodem II opens up your AfflW^ ^ ^^"^^^ ^^^
Hayes Microcomputer Products Inc. seas PeacWree comers Easi.Norcmss. Georgia 30092(104) 449-8791
Micromodem II. Micromodem 1 00 and Microcoupler are (rademarks ol Hayes Microcomputer Products Inc.
■TM Apple Computer Inc. Micromodem li can also be used with me Bell & Howell computer. g 19ei Hayes Microcomputer Proflucts Inc.
50
COMPUTE!
Novsrriber 1981 Issue 16
coiiiputer you are coiiiinunicalinti- vviili has lo sriid soinelliing bat k? VVliat il you it'c]iiesteci tliat it send a program to you? Since your MOIIEM is still sending the 1070 Hz signal, the other MODEM caul send the same frequency — ii would be drowned out by your signal. You could tmn off your transmitter, allowing you lo leccive the 1070 M/ signal. In fact, some NJODEMs do just thai, Iml il requires that you know that you are ftnished sending and also have a way oflurning \our trans- mitter off. What's more, since only one com[)Uter can communicate al one tiinc\ there is no way ol telling the computer thai is iransmitting lo shut up.
Because of tliese limilaiions, this partial two way form of connnunication is called half duplex. This term is used because both computers can comnumicate. It is a dual comniunicaiion, liul only one side can communicate at any one time.
An easier way to solve the problem would !)e to allow both computers to communicate to each other whenever needed. A different set ol lre<]uen- cies is used for one of the computers lo transmit wiib ,so that there is no conflict.
When Bell Labs designed the MODEM, they chose a set of rretjuencies that would minimi/e anv interference with the first set. The frequencies they cliose weie 2225 Hz for the ONE or ON con- dition, and 202."i Hz for the ZERO or OFF condi- tion. Since both computers can fully use the com- mimications equijjmenl at the same time, this is referred to as jiill duplex.
Since two dif ferent sets ol Irequencies are used, some means of deciding which MODEM should use which frequencies had lo be determined. The original ai>[)lication was for a remote lerminal to communicate with the big ( omputer across town.
Talking Full Duplex
Normally, the big compulei- would be directly attached lo tlie MODEM so thai person wh(t wanted to use il could call it up on the telephone and ihe big computer would automatically answer the phone. It was decided that ihe set of frequencies that were chosen for the big computer to use would be called the (uisii'cr frequencies. Since the person who tailed the tomjjuler originaled the tail, the set ol tretiuencies that were clu)sen lt)r that side's MODEM are tailed the origiiiair frequencies.
The frequencies that wei-e chosen were based on the use to which the MODEMs were to be |)ul. Since the peison who called lhecom|Hiler would noiniallv be monitoring the information sent liy the computer, it was decided to assign the less reliable set of frequencies lo the answer MODEM. The person monitoring it tould always ask for the iniormalion to be sent again if something wt-ni wrong. Conveisely, since a cominuer was not as capable of detecting errt)rs in a transmission, it was decided to give the most reliable set of frequencies
lo the originate MODEM.
I he frequencies chosen for the aiis\ver MODEM were 202.o Hz and the frequencies chosen for the originate MODEM were 1070 Hz and 1270 Hz.
Most acoustic MODEMs (somelinies lelerred to as acoustic coiqjiers) ai'c fixed as originate MODEMs. Some. Iiowever, have a switch on them which allows them to operate as an answer MODEM.
Diiect-comiect MODEMs (the lype that is needed if automatic phone answering is desired) come in several dif feretU versions. One is aNluaiiiii'er o)dy (il will automatically answer the phone and connect it.self lo the phone line and then let the comj)uier know that il has done so).
.Another si\lf llial is available is the itiiluaNsuTti tnatiual origiualc. lliis version allows the same operation as the previous \crsion and, in additit)n, it can be used as an oi iginate MODEM. Another type thai is available is the aulddiiswftiautodidl MODEM. This MODEM includes all of ihe previous capabilities and also allows the comi)iUer to make its own calls without operator assistance. Of course, this means that the conipuler must know !^o^\■ to do this: software nuist be in the coin|)Ulei- lo iiisiiiicl it.
Next inonih we will exploi'e (i.syiichyiDious com- munications, anotlier deceptivciv "onnnous" word.
PROTECT YOUR COMPUTER
DON'T LET VOLTAGE TRANSIENTS
ZAP YOUR COMPUTER
^
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ZAP TRAP rclu'S^'s'sHiPPiNG *9 .00
Easy to install, simply plug into same outlet as computer and protect it from spikes caused by power transformer switching, oil burners, fluorescent light- ing, pump motors, refrigerators, food mixers . . . etc.
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INTERNATIONAL
DEPT. CB PX3. BOX 151, NO. TON., M.Y. 14120
Introducing the M line . . .
Now! Drive Systems for AIM, KIM and SYM Computers
- from PERCOM.
Assembled and tested systems start at only $599.95, including the drive controller cir- cuit card, disk-operating system, intercon- necting cable, drive and comprehensive us- ers manual.
• The right storage capacity - Available in 1-. 2- and 3-drive systems, wilh t'itlior 40- or SO-track drives.
• Flippy storage - Flippy drives loplional) let you flip a diskelle and slore data and programs on the second recording surface.
• High Storage Capacity - Formatted, one-side storage capac- ity is 102 Kbytes (40-track drive). 205 Kbytes (80-track drive).
• Proven Controller — The drive controller design is the same as the design used in the Percom 680X LFD mini-disk system. This system - introduced in 197/ - has given reliable service in thou- sands of applications. Two versions are available: the MFD-C65 for the AlM-65 e.xpansion bus. and the MFD-C5() for the Sys- tem-50 (SS-50) bus.
• Includes an explicit data separator circuit that's reliable even at the highest bit densities.
• Provides for on-card firmware.
• includes a motor inactivity time-out circuit.
• Capable of handling up to four drives.
• Capable of reading both hard- and soft-sectored diskettes.
• DOS included - The MFD disk-operating system works with the AIM monitor, editor, assembler, Basic and PL'65 programs; interface is direct, through user I/O and Fl. F2 keys.
• Reliability assurance - Drives are burned-in 48 hours, under operating conditions, to flag and remove any units with latent de- fects.
• Full documentation - Comprehensive hardware and software manuals are included with each system. These manuals cover de- tails from design to operation and applications.
Now! Expand your AIM-65 with Low-cost System-50 Modules.
The Percom M65, 50 Interface Adapter connects your M-65 bus to Percom's System-50 (SS-50) motherboard, allowing you to ex- pand your AIM. KIM or SYM with proven System-50 modules. You can add disk storage, memory modules.evcn a video display system. The M65'50 provides buffer-amplification of address, data and control lities. On-card decode circuitry lets you allocate ad- dress space either to the computer or to the expansion mother- board. Price: only $89.95.
System Requirements: AIM-65. KIM or SYM computer with ex- pansion bus and four Kbytes RAM (min).
Yes ... I'd like to know more about Percom MFF^ drive sysiems. Rush me free literature.
Strivd -o
PERCOM DATA COMPANY, Inc., Dept, 65-C
1 I22l> Pagi-mill RH. Dalkis, I'X 7.=)i!i;i
PERCOM DATA COMPANY. INC.
1 1 220 PAGEMILL RD. DALtAS TX 75243 (214] 340-7081
Toll-Frec Order Number: 1-800-527-1222
PRICES AfJt) Sl'f-CIMCATIONS SUtilliCT Ttl CHANGE Will K )IJT M ) IIC!;
= I'Wl PERCOM DATA COMPANY. Inc.
PnRCOM, MFD-C.=iU. MI'D-CM dnci M6F. .SO are ltad«iMiks o( PtTcom Dam Compjnu. Inc
AIM fj.^i i^ Ti Iradcmark of Rocl\Wt?tl Internatioiiai. Inc
KIM is d Iriitlymark oE MOS Technology Corp<»ation
SYM 1^ ii iriidt-'iti^irk oi Synt'dek. Inc.
DYNACOMP
Quality software for
*.
ATARI
PET
APPLE II Plus
TRS-80 (Level II)** NORTH STAR CP/M Disks/Diskettes
CARD GAMES
BRjnCF MXAkilEakir far ■!] camjtulrni rrtn:tl').tiCuinM UI.U DMdk
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HEARTS I.S (AisUiblc Tor all canpittrrti Tt\n: tl^.tJOnamr^SlV-iJ iHi^ir
^nfi,:iiirr( ifid rnifttuiiini ^ominiiri infiton orihii populu I'lUd |xnif . Tleutiiitirick-oriHiqcd iicTE in •'liirtiihc purpoir ii fui 10 i4kc tn> tiuiii ci thi qkircn of ipulci PU) ximimi l*a camputri ipppwtrrlii Ahp jj^t 4"ncd Viiilii ntrJ im lyti rU>inj, ui4»|in Ht'MCl^l In an idta!. tmmt tot in[foJbiLin| the Lrunltulid ijccli t^vui^EMo ccim pjL«ti Sk thf lorttairr loirv m K) S(;ri>iiite Criiiqu<
It jtarnfuxdfuuluidih'Cca/TipLicniKi e^t ■iFifT.itifiiiicEimnblLifli' Alu> ineludiid » ilbk: ATARI CDhH.iiiplDict.wund 1<t
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POKER PARTY (A>aiUUe For sUmmpulcn) Prtn: SLT.HCuMllr'SIK«9 Wfkrtir
POKEK PARTY ll « Jll* PP^CI- ^rmkiE>UiJin biiol on inr book, FtiLER. bf Oi^lld ]*ci>t>> TMi >i the nxHi ccn- rrrl'-cnii'F >tiu43n i<^Lj3[( (□( miiiDCXCMTipu.tCJ'i tbc MUf caruid of j'ouiicjf ind m other {i^ompLitiEt} pU>ni iiih uf rhei* pJj^ni (>(jj -ill |«i lu irtct" ifirrnl h»t ■ dirrrimi prruniliti in ihc fwm o( i .*i>ifT| i>top«niin to {■luri nt fiflJ urJn ri'^k^r'f Pf^lKf mlh POKER FMITY turorc |oin| m ihi: t'jiern:** iirric wni|t>i' Apple Cmimr ind Jul nir •rrurm ittfii'it ■ !! K [or Urjtp] Appk II
t'ftlBBACF. 2.0 ITRS-SO onlr»
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MA> Af.LMLM MMl t.A FOB * *uri. Nanh Scirand LP, M nnljt Prkf llv.iHiwti*
tU M Dtikdii
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d«nn rip^nfliturfi dt Tb» moil IWCHif jl firm ii ihi arx ■uh [ht hi|hm SIOC* pn<C when tht liinulmiiaii ei\ii.
FLIGHT SIMULATOR (A*ailibN for all conipB(»n) Trtrt: in.fiCMMii«5ll-»5 fHrtiHir
A r«tlit1icind titirttJK Tiicl^rmiLicit timjliiK<n pt c^k;ji|t. fiiiHt «nd lufnJini ThtpfO|r*tn jtilirciMiodjnimi: fijuilmm •nd (iiT *hif»iiKiiri,t of i ict.\ itrfoil Vci cin ptaciKC imirumrni mri04itir* *"id naMiJUon iii-.fii ridiUi tnd cornpiii hcAdinft Ttw mt"r nJiifttM fl)*< ;»ii tlio peirarin loopt. hi3f itJili itid timilii HrobilK m«n(v>Tii Alihduih Ihi* pio(iijr. ion noi trtiplo> i|taphin, it ■! oeiUnf *M tHr fcddmti"* S«* lh« iurintir rnK* m COMPUTRONIts Buni m ihti Aiifj
V ALDEZ lA>iJltbk ibt *JI rompmiini VALDE7. II J compuicT Limjlaiiorvot tu ^TAIilkJ lti;ljdnlLn!hiinfiSdiiiOnii,
iirvcd uilhi ihc ih^p's ilptii^iumtin: EiMihcniiitcill) The «inijl«[jbn ilia tor
Prtri:ilJ.»5C«i*iiir'5l9-»5PiikHi»
bhc n«vii*i>un in iht Ptituit WiLl.im l^uitcVtJdci Nu:o.^i rffion i[>:iailEit«iui>^c2ib ■ IWsltuwn mnp.partioniDf »hi.-hiii») b* d'tj'i'? The nutisii oF glir ihip iitcIF k iccliiikI) cnodcilcd ■ model far the lidil piictf ni in iFk- rcficr, » well iv Qihcr irirri^
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It Oulf of Alukk la Vildci HkrNjr! Sec the uIe-
KACKCAMMON 1.9 lAUrt. Sanh Smr lad CP/M OBlfl rtk.iSU.MtMKltrJH.W DtrtrHf
rn>it ptotiam if'iiit r<>Lii bik-kj,tmman iki)li ind i>»ll i\w iirtpro't >Q'UI t^mc A hufflkfi <i,n cermptii n*ieu t-iofn- puicr or iiAinii «no4^fl iiumir 't^n iump^irt cin <<«n pltji i|Aiinii; iEMi( Eit^ici Et>< fiumin oi ihr io^puiri' c«i .Jii'Liblt Di jtnKue ittt taU\ Satrd pottiioni <in be ciHted or w^rd i6t irplir PAL'k;GAMMaN 1 0 [»k)ri m *c-
,-^rJinv-r -^iili rht prriiitl luki pf bukitaiMdn tnd ii UKf lo pro'tidr nxtnt rixifiiLini iniiom of bukfimmon
plAj
CHECKERS J.0 (PET onti I ma: Il*.« Cjuwiii JM.W DtikMH
T!illi:l(Mitalthpnioi[L-FjHciiiiniLh*i.-l.«(iprO(r»n3l*k»jlablt. llhU lOkvellOf pllj *nd »llo»Hhr uwrlattunic UilltfitUi.1 *T.) iimt AliUdLifilpro^idin^i vtT^iDutkiJunr «i lei tl 4 K, CHECKERS I Dii ^ificiicillj untKitibIc
CHES.S MASTER (!Narth !^Ur and TRS-M oaljl ^rk*: fll.H CuMU'tU.tltHikitk
Th.i iompktt ind ^crj powerful pro^iun prpviiJci fur l^vth o< pi*). Ii iiw^udn <iidin|. **t paiuni tipUEM >rd ihc pFaTrciiiiik ol ;t*ni AddjttorTiill> . Lh« boud ma> ^ prnrE hfoit tht ilut o( pl(>. pcrmtliinf !h< ti;«n>in«iiQn <.if "b<Ktl" pLi^i To muiT'Jtf tLn"iii^>0'i ^pfoJ. cii'! pfLSirkiW ii ■rni!«n. iii luemblf Ejr(ijt|4 iby SOFTWAR!: ^PtClALlST5 of Cxlirornuii FjLI ir«phKt m tinploi'rt in ih« TBS » ^fTiwn. tnd li»o •■Jthi g( liphtnumeiit diiptt) itc pro'idrd ■>? Kfammadibr Niwh Siu ui^ri Sm ie>ii<o in orC'drnpuLni
LEM LANDER (JIK \pp\t IMtk nnijl
PlLol lOur LtM LANDER Id » ^*Ir l*ndin| o^ tti ol niFM difffCtnE I
rhc |.«inr pfiidln irr :iitd u> Lii^irfil aiO litiiudE ind ihruii Tha II I rnS-
FOREST FIRE! Ulirt natj | r
I. ^1init^^:^1k^l iiiphK-i ifiJ wond rffwn ihii iiimilaiiiifi pull )au iniBf miidl
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Pncr: i\l,M Duktitt ificei ikJijiiif from imoo^Ji 1o irttchirrpji
PrkTillli.t] CatHK*' lia.t) IMkL*iii
(H0MPf:!.O)AtBri«nl)f
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E'thcie'iiPPi
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SPA<.E L.A>ES(AT«Uabkfi[iriU(a«jlUiffl)
\p\L t I aNES \i » Mmpit bill fxciEiri ipuc iiuiipontiion |imt »hich in .iTTiE'iiKr ^ Thr ahiKt ^to raim uid Fi[und ipv e iikrtipontiion^ompuiici
II ll' ijiii" mine n« Aonh ihin >cijt opporifri Tht reoiomni irjiult t
rrtcttM.'MCNikiiiE
NOMIKOES JlCSAM i,hlati. Apple and TRSJO Mtfl
A iijia" p^itit u'* 16'ui Liimpui*!' (.jmplrii ihe puulr ■&» iclmint ^flu' pi-e";n irom « i'ti-ir famLiiinj ui oo dii Iiieni ihApri MOMIV)tS JIUSA"* ii # vkriuoio pi>aj(aminiTi.| etrori TKe|iiphi<Lue luptiliLitr tnd ihcpnuK KilE^hitlrntr jau virn ill !hr«« IcteliDl dirfK'uliy Scoiini ii biKd upopiihe rurnbcr aliunici iihc^ and b^ ihrdiT ncrtUj jf EKtbtoijd «( ap S« "f-n* Lnei EL TROMC GAMES
rrtM:1l1.'HCuMii«/(1».H DtakHit
iiTiii fimuLitiofl reqiiinnj >{mj la ili[vj>,c m l->eir term ai )Qiii nuien'i leader L|.c ideioied ii> indutir'tl ^nd xinniiltiiri] uic. hoa- m.ufh 1'ood to diittibjte )o [fie ipeiii an -xilluEian ^anirol You ''ill Tind ihii t\\ detitioni inr-ijCsr i lOmprpmiM!
^ATiJll. ft7, rm »0. \nRT/fiTAM iP •><
atlaf-irfo'fi*\i«^nif TPStOiitii/
■ tail ILppi'wrf -tltfl IXiS Lir
DYNACOMP OFFERS THE FOLLOWING
• Widesi variely
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STAHTRfk i.l I AvilUMr for >U campnitn)
Tlu ii thr ltIuih; $l.irtrfk iLcnitUliiin. bul «ibti inH^! nrw EiTcrpruc Kilhoul wirniai tthiic aiin ittackiEit Mubua ii |]|h)and hnif tfjivtluVit marc *hcei ihM Al'! TtM UlLi»i04
L.-TuimKEHlaiiii'baieS.O S. ii recei>'etirThe Kliru oni jet e^ Ktii Cttit^at tNi Gime Mnchindiiini
pTfn:Sll.MCauciif SIA.HDbknir rUuin. For runi|»l«. itit UintOfK "iQia ihodi ai IRc zi'Jm QLjdriiiii. The KbrifDti! alM tiiiek i^^ih both ih«£iic nhenihe Emerpriie ii beiit(ed by chrec heavy VSeetfiewfiaarere^ew^in A N ^ LOG .BOSoIt
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KLACK HOLE (Apph hdIt) |
Piire: IU.*3 Cauttii 'ILil.*9 D(*4Mir |
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T^lHt*^.e»ti!ln|l^ip^n^J rnnu^tiop oiihe pfoMerrn |
nialM;4in(l'^irlrofn««in|iNc(k hoir *itri ■ ipafF piobc |
|
l\i ab}Kl 11 Eo tnE« knd mjim*jn. (of ■ p«ci;rib«i iin |
r. an nibii tloif to a imail bla^k hokc Thit u eo be achieved |
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-.ihcmi laniuhi vo /wai Eh* jrunnair ih*t EPif iiJa] n |
c» dtiiriift Ihr [rfobt CofltfH>l o( !k* n*(i Li lealjtticatl) |
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utbliUecJ uiini ijdt jcti foi loiii'On and main ihruvect |
for afMleiaEion Thii p[04r*fn enspbii HiRei^riphKiaivd |
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i\ mtuiiliaiul u vr[] u tliillrhiglit |
SPACE TILT lAppk aAd Atari onlj) Price: SLO.H Cwwiit/IM.H Dttkmt
Use the lamc paddLn eo ult the ptanc of ihc TV Kitm to "roll" a ball loi-s a fKile in the icieeti. Scund liinple? Nde ■rhen t^ fiole IFI» tirut^En And irejllrr^ A ttUkllcB- limcr allOwt !tiii tu A;r±»itr ydut skill a|am1 dI.Iifi'i ii) ihii hi.biE-
roimini. tJLiiorr foine,
MOVING MAZE (Apple and Alirt Dulyl Price: StO.H Cnwiii IM.H DUkKir
MOVING MAZE enipluiri ihe f4inei paddiei to diteel a pwEk, frpm pnr »>dr gr « ma/e io ihr oihr M!i<>r%rT, the mau 11 d>naind:all> (and landomlj') buiii and it coniinuali) brin( inodiritd The Db)Cf!tvt ii lo (loit itit cnuc ■iiLhoul WiKhmj ll" bema Ki! hrl ■ •iJI S^ofifii n bj »n lUpu^ mtn indmaiAt. aftd iMrC !wl» ftf p*»j df
ALPHA FIGHTER {Alarl oaJ>l Prt«: I14.H Chtiii'IU.H Hiknu
T»0 euc^lcnj l[«pl'-iti uiJ utian prosranit m □«' ALPHA FIGHTER r^uifn ffiij EO dnllO) Hr tJjeti lUJihifn P4lfifil Ehroblfi your iccor of ihE filajiy ALPHA BASE ii in :h< paihol an alien UFO in^auon; In FiveUFO'^ jei bi and the lamc endi. DoEh lamci trq-jiic ihc jCi'iCici and |n pTOficsii-kcly mote difficiili The t'lflin tou icoic! ALPHA fIGHTEB *i!l nrn or I^K lysJcrav
THE RINGS OF THE EMPEREIAiaripnIrl
Th«<fn[[it#hajid«^rloped a ncta ?atile iIiIIiott piotKtcd b; ictiaiin
rintl and d»IIO> IfVf l!alii)^, ihr empire dnrl^p* ■ rt" JiaEior with motr prolKlnE nn|i iTiu cicilini i«[uc [jni (tn ISK. ^>iiem%, Hnpto)"! eitmiikr fitphici ind maBi and <an be played by one or I'^o pliyni
INTRU [»EK ALERT lAlari aill>^ Prte*: lU.M CaaafU^.SMI.M DUktitt
Th» It a laiE paced (laphici larae a-ri^ftplacn j-ouii ififniiddkollhe "Ornd^iii" hanrnuii tidrniiipUnt Ti'-e attnii hitr betfT aLefi#dand ai^edirecicd tadeuioy ycuai all cmi. Yo-u muu find andcnErr fouriLip to ricapc ^iiti Ehrplifij Fikrlei-etiofdirrwullyifeprosided l>JTKUDER ALERT resmiwajoi^uckind nlJ tJi ar IfiK i>iirmi
GIANT SLALOM (Aliri 0«!) I »->*»; *]«.»* t™tir/Sit.«(ji^KP
Thjj leal'iine aciion lacne li luaraotccd iddinivct UicLhc^Q}!::!!! iti eonmiL jOur pitli LtirinjiJ; sLatoci courm coo- llSiirVfo! boih ppwi afld tLptCd H-lr» thopsc fromdLi'fQcnt IncKs of difllculli'. iHCaidin-sE oEhcr pb|rcliD! Hnip3]i iiUp(aj.-ncerLini atJiniE <hc cLmk ClAhn" SLALOM will run on I6K s)iimi-
TRIPLE BLOCKADE I Almrf Daly) Prtcr: 114.?! Canefle 'Slt.KDtaken*
7BIPI ^. SlQtl^AOt 11 ■ [iro-i[- itiiR pU)ieiiiBphi(i.anili>>uftd adion tamt [ijibaieJ i>rith(Jtitii( udeoaiiiadt fjTc '«hi(h Enillioni hj^r rniojeJ 1iiiri|,the Aiiri ]0)iticki. ibeobjr;) ii^ t^i dnevi >vur blo^^taJiif Line artiund the -Kirrn BiihitMi rui^nirvt irirt> faiii oftpihnenEii) AJihou|h ihe t^uncepi n itmple. '.ht i-omfciried |;rt;)iihi:i and kjtind cf Ike lead iii "M|h aiiun) ' '
EimpuEm) Time (affla ha>
PrtetttlD.H CBUC!tr:1H.HDblL*ii4 [*mn uf BLACKJACK. LUSAft LaNDEH, craps. tKcn L-;iaibincd into one latje pEOfEani Id: rue in loading.
n EollnrLKm li *ortti ihcpritcjusl lot itur DV^ACO^^P .o-
GAMF:S PACk I (Available For aU t
(jAMES PALK I cantMiui Ar i HOB5EBACE, SWITCH and mjrr
The> lie ndi'^idi**!!* 4;«js«i by ' cl MiM crBLACKIACK
GAMES PACK EL (Available Far all comjlultrsl Pri«:SID.'HC:uHE(e.f H.HIHiLen*
(JAMES PACK l\ inLljd«if5f m""" CRAiY EIGHTS, JOTTO. AttV Dl.:Ct Y. I IFt. ttl Ml-l vs «id nihcn Ai ■iifiLjAMlLS Pack Ih ail Ihr (amti.aie loaded none proirimind airiiallcil Ti-DmaincnLi Vau ■ill rarEiLjlail> er^ )0. IJTMACOMPi .eiwpn q( CHA^T EIGHTS WSf pay ST M OP more peE picfrain nhen you can buj a DYNACOMP (ollwdpn Ipt |u«i HO 9i'
MOOS PROBE (AlaH aad Ndrih Star 6a\ji Price; tl1.i5(>ueii>-' flS.tf pt»b«|i4
IKii 11 Ui niiriTiel} c^iallentini "lunai lai^def " piofiam. The but muu ctro^ Tram artut ia tand at a ptrdciernintd taifri on ihe rwwn'i turfaire. Ytw cenlipl The thitktt awJ trie n! all wi o-'iour fr^fi pimdireci ih? mcadintpnt ind
ap^tOitfl anjJt
§PACE TRAP lAUrl aol>. 16K> Prttt: iH.K CaaiciU/Ill.M Dfaiviir
Thi lllacliC "litiiaal crn up" aii;ade funr platn yOLj fieat i Glitli hOt» You i:onIIOl JOul tpaceitlFl uiifyg E^ir joy- isl.l inJ lEtemft eo blait ii frL-i;' of ihc alien ihipi ai poiiible before Ihe black hole cIoki about yoj.
ADVENTURE
CRANSTON MANOB ADVENTURE t.Noitih SUE aad CP/M oaty) Pnce; IZ1.t9 Dtiktat
Ai laiil A rampietKn»>r Ad^e^lute lame Foi ^ortn Star and CP/M nVemv CHA.'^STON M\>J0B AOvEm TURE [aVei;outniOEn>tieriaui CRANSTON MANOR inhere you aitcinpi lojaUier fabuloui Eruiurci. Luikmi tn IfiE cnuiDT air wikd uiimals uid roboU -aha viLl nal gnr up ihr liruuir). silhdul > rbflhl. T\e n.u"bibct Of f DOmi li. litaEer and Elle aiiocialed d'Hcnplioni axe much more eLat>oriEc Than Ehe cuircni popular lenei of AdvffltJic pro- ifaAii. rpikini ihii fame it\t I9» m itt i:tii.:t pta^ ^an C<e i[eyt>t>*4 ii a;iy iifre uvd the tiitui iioEitd on 6tVei)f
CUMBALL RALL\ ADVENTURE I.NonA Slar onlr. UK) Prirr; m.H purlr
Takepui inihit sutUh rtice From iheeeiii ca«ii ic ihe weii coaii TTieioial ti to find jour •■ag- to iht finithkrie i^fiilt miinEainjn(ih<hit1ieti poiiiblc ipetd Y^l ma) chwHedr^oFritecanaiaiLibie ii Ihe |aii|e The chpKei'itliaf feci ^our ipeed and ran|e Remember to laluc ipaie paiii and Jan'i lei lauiht tpcedifit^
SPEECH SYNTHESIS
DYSACOMPgino^ dun
iimply foniiHl TNT inH T*—: >.
the eat'Ciii-iO'prufEin;! ipeech lynihcu blr vo^abulai;) aitilibl^ anr*h"-"''
cnei. and ic^i>luiii»vao TYPE-S-TALk^^{TNnjpe«h iyninci:jei from Vdiii Ijt'i-Klitl irtTrifur, miri trtt lloitt iSi kcjiEiaud alid htmi Ehr sOt't;! Ipokcli TNT
tvt<t on [he inarl.el Ie -jiei t^ie kau imsuiii C'f Erkemorv and pto^icei ihe aiou He
Price L124 4{ ^Pleau add i* 00 foi iticppiri and hindLni;
TNT Softwire
The foUo'.int DYNACOStP pio|ia.-nt aie i^aita
5TLDPOKIIR [Aia/L. ;«K) NOMISOLS JIUSAU lAiui. 24K1 FEaCKER'S pet 1 [Aian and Ncerfi ;tar BRIDGE :0lKorth3iiai] CHOV?ElO(Atir.. r*K;
TAI.KTOMElT'NTAiMlftBF)'. MKI
Thii pro|iiin picienii i luprib uic ME ail] iiluiEf Jir nsimal i-aidttPW prD|,iamErtin| iwt
Pieaic tpeeili JST .
erof u!*«iihTNT.
PlVi: lll.H rswILclUtl DtikrtU an MO and TYPE 'STALK ^'^ TALK TO 1 The dcKumenTaiion trtlLdet many hv^lpflJl
ABOUT DYNACOMP
DVNACOMPis J kidinidmntiuuii uf (mill .>iiriti Miftmfe wufi lalfi tpjnrnfiji ih* *ijrlil(cijifemlc m eiitit of 40 couririfi) DuriEii ifit p«« i*o yean *r hut greatly enla/ged iFic DYNACOMP produ.-i 1if>c. bui lii>e mamEamtd jfid trr-prfliLed our hi(h Ifvt] of quality *nd ciiiipmd ^uppofi Trtt achieisnitfn in guiltiy iit upparfnl FtPJii aur man;' lepeal i:uitome:r& and l!fie loFlvaic rciewt in tych publkaEioni at t'OMPUTBONICS. 80 Software Cmiqus and ANA. LOG. Our cusiomtr luppon is ts c|dw « yodt phone h h AJwiyt Friendly The sEaFf ii highly iraiEicd and ajviays willing to diKuii pfE;xJucti at givt'
BUSINESS and UTILITIES
SPELLGUARD™ (CP-M odj) Pri«: Qlf.HDU
SPELLCLARfl ^i t [(loJun^fLU} n™ fiMlh i.riKh irvaiun iht '■iJlc of joji curreni *o;iJ pfKttuPi irwem (V^OkD STAB. MAGIC WAND. ElECTHJC PENCIL, TEXTED EDITOB II tiii oihrn) W.jiira cnLiirlr ,p uKrably Liriuuir. SPELLQUAHO'^" IIP.6IJ uiii[i iht LiKT in <IJiniu[jr| i;<ttlif.t fcftJ lyroVKph^Hj nis^i by conpa/ini cich »Drd of [h« mi atamii ■ djojcury ItipiMiblci cf oiti M.OM of ifw mmi wmmwi tnfUN -orli. U'ordi ippcvini m [Jw imi bu imi foucKf ;nih<a.ethMi«ir ut ■fUurC ■ for m» i4«Tii>nciiK?nuuf cciiKiboa Mom t^niirLiiirAiiitiiir]' liAiiliuwiih ivpidn?- tnuni rgyiprH«< wll b* it « !0 l;h SPELJ.CUAHDT« ,5 od, * fr- iniAuIn
I of MOOprrd-ik- in|, ItbtJ pfjmri ii!lri»iilmigiii()l
rri«:U4.iij
HAIL LIST 1.2 lAppk, Alirl ud ^iank S(*r dUrtIc piljt
TtiiLpisiTwniii^rimrciIri m >ii ibiliiii 10 iiorr » mujmiirT /iiKr.bn □( ■ddiramoa ant4 U«<iim>'ri.iiTiui nir. rrwrt ihu IMO lot "ioMt itnuti" irtMiml) jn map-y fcducn imluSr ilphitmic ind np [«|4 wf II , 1, Af 1 up), mtiijri dI Tild and ■ unique k(r«oid Mtkjri louiin which idtirsH tniiKi by i, yimluJI) h uwr df^nFd tp^n Mul LiM Z.l «iU ocn rird ind dtl<!4 dj[iJi:t[< imiiti A mi; •■limbl' piD^iuinl
FORM LETTER ^V$TEM rH. 3 (AUri. Nonfa Stw ud Apph DUclto DDI7)
FORM LETTER SYSTEM IFLS) u iht idui r^c^tiam (a .ruiinj aBi! B3iL.r| Torm Ittiri u>d Atfdini EiMi. [1 caaiMma u ujvtO'LU [<IT ediiM vhiih fTD4:iKt> 'uU) juitirtnl itv SfKuI codn uc liMd in th« Udreu Eiti w iiiKuA pcnOAaJuxiI nJuHtjcn* PwTTikiiiT]k.'<prnJu:cdb>ii)icniut«tlJ)ifltciiiAte^l^i>^ruin!p4CTc>incrTT|iTmJpc>ciic<r<clrf)urlc;ict. FLS iL compkidy ccmpdiibk -in MAIL LIST M, mhich miy he lacd 10 mtjiitt ukJ ion your »aiitu. riln FLS *rd Mail LKI 1 i iir i<«il4fcl( u ■ rcrqbincd pKLifc for IJ9 9S
SORtrr (North SlkT anl7) rrt«: Slt.M DtaiiHU
SORTIT lii|ir(tBipurjniJv;trtir)prci(tun "tineri in KUC uuirbly ltriui(e. rhii pie«rim>LlL irni miurniiiJ 4*1* mo ttnrtiitti b^ NORTH STAR fiASIC Piinivt ind opiioni: i«OAil>fr ^tn tn*r be nutn^nc ct 9M 10 nint fhirinet i[Tin|i SORTIT Li uiii litrt mn Tin |«twxinl bj pySACOMPi MAIL LIST pri>flpur inilii>trj smuiiIi ib 111 Lt^bdum tat til ol^ct BA$lir iiU File -HirTint
rtRSONAL n.NASCE SYSTEM (Ai»ri lad N*ni Slaf valfl rnn, U.I^Dumr
dcdih-iiblc iiEini, PrS will i«t ini lumfflu-ut t»r>min In ?«>« . tnd diipLiy ipitoimwicn on iipmditum b> *ri' of M jmt defined (odm bj. raomn ci bi piyw. PFS *tll r-in pidiIloc monUilj b«r (tiphi of ^ouf tipttufi by £tir|i>n ' tliu patrrinl p«cki|c lequirn only otic diiL dnvt, naimmil memefj tl4t Ai«rt. JJK Ngrth 5(ii) ind i«il] iter* up 10 tW rKoidi per diik (tnd 1)1 tr JODOrMOiiiifici ^nt b^ mulcirii ft* iimpkchU|'nLOihcptD|riinsi] Youun.rMordfheclii plu.iitu'irip'Tiici to ■ K«| icu (IT riri4[lY ttt 'tictt jfnuT moncj |0(i wtd rliiT^ilUlt iiinivOfl >nd [(dicn^i hvi {(kuUtioni
FAMILVBlEKiFTUitpJmotrl rrtff :*>•.« Mrt.«r
f AMILY BLDGILT 11 « >tf) coat(;i:<nl nufki*! f*vi?rd krcinni cn^rim feu -ilt hf illf to *«p ifK* oIccLh ind credii (ip<Bd(iu!€i u xU u itHMW Da ■ c^iif l»<ii» Vcu cjiTV itcoiif lu dfliiKiibIc iicuLL ud ctuTiubk dfiunebi F.A.MILT &l.lX<£TftlioprQiidniii»iinuo;utK«<3:<]Itil(rtdillri;iW£IiiHti YcVj tu) nuk* Oulr evh Mid<liiri<nrriciI«uirof II ilillrrcn: ttptttu utoiinit 11 *«LI u [o J ^tyidl tn4 iki Kmurii. [>ii« 4it tmJt tRrirxd u^inf thi uut compktc camrol O'pit ta jiEhdwivt (Dciipkilnl lw»d unQrjjniftd'l iLbjtn.
I^TEL]NILIAI■r10DI))
Thki Kriwtrc paciLAir »rtkini. a !n«nki-dfLVcA ."aiErttiii ihipufh « full duipin m-pde^ {required foi ukI tn cnc SOURCE or MjcroSm xnd quiclil) ioiJ itlt tuift n i:t iutti "MaaK\ liFtH" Utd [f.ui (^^ wni.-r Eh«rie >>?« m
A4tfiT>9r4j'ir.ri«>ViimiiTiii«r in BASIC. FDRTIIA.V(
rrkttMf.HDUtlk p| prpg^tin^ lor fj{iLii[iD| EfrincDi iwq-i*!} coinirLiucatiaa) node of op<iujon you mtj mvuwci eci t d^K untrc {'-j , Thr I qudtiiioR! cola )9ur diiLflk For luer ^le^tni. Thii pcmtl; rc- ir ilic record the c«mplRt comcoti af < cDcr.muniuiHmi leuiofl
m»1 bt buitg offliM uuat l^f lupporl Inl rtfilgr ind Utet ' up-
iHMdcd" [o uMihei ccmpuirr, rtuMuu ifi* Aiiii * nw, mi/i loraind turn AtJiri BASIC propimt miy bf gpjoadtd Fuiihcr. ■ ti^mj^Atf Tilf 11141 be buill olMinf md utcd Uicr u cDnirolEini Litptii lor ■ iinM-iluj't itiiem Thti 11, yau Eib tn up four MqiKnce ol nmv-ihirf (cmmiiidi ind pfofrtmt, trtd iht' Atari Bill iiihittui ihrri M landed, biliK p'oteiiinf All [fill iddi jp 10 Liiiiii Ikeih i^annn^ ufM *f>6 Kiui time
TLMT tOrroR II (CP/HI rrkt: S».W IHdiiiii U3.4S DkL
Triiiii iiit w^nnd irirue veiiiiti &f DVNACOMFipopuJjr TEXT EDITDH I wvd wnt*iM tn*n) lif Umv^tn Wiih TEXT LDtTOR II yO'jma} build icii fjla in chunii ud UMffibkLhtiafM' tjiitdjj.p>Ui Blnckio^icitrajtr br4ppertded, lUKnedor tkkiM R]*i mij h* laml ui dia 'dukrite m rnW; jiuli.fwd rcnteiri to»m*i 10 EvUici pruird by nther TEXT IDITOR II c'lheCP M EDfAciliiy Fuihcr. ASCII CPM fiin |ia:3i*dtni BASIC tnd uumbty UiXii«|i piOti>miprTi4r be rnd by ihf rditorwKJ pfKHirt, lnf*iT. TttTfifci«flb«hul( uivm ED*i>d lUtr fwrmUfd uiin| TEXT EDITOR II AJ] ir ill. TEXT tPITOR II I) t» mripervt. eu)> to luc. bui lery fkiifiit cdiunf (yiitm
frkt: Ut.M
II nin triJ piotruTuin ih« r diiLi Id pitntdic elfiorni
DI ILK (Alui iiiil Nurth RUrdUkOifl obIjJ
Thi« h«rCy pip(iiRi iJlpa"! Nurth Slat 4.nd Ann diU jk iekL i^r diiki whirh ini*riibl| iccumuUici Dm E^ it ii loctiinj of ihe M*\.itd Tik ly pjc:|^.uis.
RNDIT iSotMx SUranln Prtn: »«.»
Tlut It ■ thr««-iA-OM s^ottta ■Jitils auuAiaiAi mfimniiini ^cin^ilik br ko-^ot* of t.'ifee :)prs Peiional in: Un duu]. C-pmrfifTiMl in: plunberil inJ Refrreiwe le(: mifuinc iju:la. ro:iK'd ■Ibumi. cici. In addiuon lo k«)'>ord uafcQei, iIir> i/T'binhdiiTH'Uuiiieruiy tni ippmninflU uv^lm roi ihe [wtiorui r«cord| u4 ^cpaiiBtRiecf »w(j^.fgr ltieeDtnn»rna!ie'- tprds- RcfeentT letDidt if 1 rnnKd by » Hii(ie keyword or by ctou>rcfcterc;rt| i-"o or ilii™ kcyitordj.
SHOPPING LIST lAliri idd .NDrtb Stir OobJi Prk*; SIl.M CtwRtlLi&.H DUk.iu
SKOPPING LIST liar til Lrformtiion on iiiemi you puithAt^A! ih« tL.permiikC'! Sttlott leini iiinjipinj, ii aiil irmirid rouof ■U mr ihui|i >□>■ miiM nffii. »n>l thfn 4iipl«ii lor optipiMUy prjnil you( ihoppixf litl led th< icuJ cdu Addinf., dtk'jri. (,tiwt:rt% and iiij'iini dAia i> lery eiif- Runi' "iih t-tX
TAXOPTTMIU:Rl*«>«lbSlUiidlr> rrtr* Ut.KDUkHU
The TAX OPTIMIZtX 11 an iai>-ia-uM. aitnj otKntid idIii>v( p*:iAf( ••h>:h protidct a :oE*fiii«fii tntmtn (at jfcatyti^ ■ tridujicfome lat iiiiicjiti Km proffim 11 d«viud 10 trdvjd<aau)(k au my lUUriiiiy. infpneU^ iik'gcnp'iiied t> tU ■>■ meihiiHi) {reitfiir. in4wi>r irerMuii, iniu.Mniim and il:ern*ie minuitiim tut TIm' ukt rtiiy im^cdjaKl) obunc iht ut efftEiorcnucil rinin<iil iIccehoiu. TAX OPTIMIZER Hu bcmihcrouftily field ieiE«d ^ CPA ofncn iird ifumticoinplt it laiih ih^ curmi tt> Eibki m Iei dm Tiki
EDUCATION
HODCE POCKib I Appk oily. 4(K Appk*ori gf Iflleter BASIC) rrKc:SL^»S tuMtk tU.WDMKk
L*i HODGE PODdt beyojrcJiJii'iaabviiELtr Pmiini ir.y key on yot^r Apple >^ill rHuli^a EiLffe:eni jndiir.uiiLiinj "hap- penuifl" :rlaU*l Id 'll'-e Intnpir nkirabR i^f [he ChAUti Iff. Thr pfO|(afti'i|,lip)iul.. ealCn kod lauM ^i aiUU|lil filt ChiUrtA
Iroei If a I : 10 9 HODGE PODGE a 1 Don^nturtidifirt lev^iaoi dr>Kr "ItKft bnstf 1 rte* dimenuwi to the uie g( raen' fi.itii ii\ (dactiion
lEACHEJt'S PET I (A^fcUiMc tot tB(«iPpft»nl
T>iii II ihv TLni Df DYNACOMP'i edbiiii^n*! t<4tUiri rio^ulei tilt )(Kiiif tludent B'l<^ »unlin| pri^lice. klre 1
PfuT[afjl> mi(n>^d for pre.ufcoal 10 |.iid< I. TEACHER'S PET ■■srj TftPirMtipn ind ihre* le>eb pf maifi iktU eir^itf*
DYNACOMP CASSETTES
hilh iiJilili DYSA( OMP triiT^d a
AVAILABILITY
DVSACOWP iAfi»Kt « lupplwd wiiLh compkir documrriEaiion Mniauvini <k»f eipUntticni «nd eiwnpk* Uniru ustef^ur ipfcifiri. aflpro|iiniti"ilIiwn"HhinM);7iotf**s'w«*<*f>*f***lATARIii>quirri WK> Eucpi whcirnoicd. pnDfTuni uei^ul abu- ab ATARI. PFT, rRS-K<aotI III u^Ap^ lAppkKfH eiurtlr kod dukf1k«i mfLwi Sfmtt ^xtt tifijk dtfiiii} ideuQk 4ei<t'» {lan^iiMri diikdu. AddiiififEally, raofC pio|ttmi cu be ottaiacd oit viandard iIBM forriMtl I" CP''M Ftimj ^^* ior miimi rvnnuii undfr MBAS:C
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MISCELLANEOUS |
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CRVSTAI^auriOfl);) uKd ir i«ai iiof*i. 10 dflTwnrTiie Ebt wiind »n4 sol?f Iriturei p( s^e Ai«ri |
Prke ihEom |
t »,»5C OMtUlTH |
iwlh/tlJ.HDWiHK ■ r>aiiht pit^rrjuc CRYSTALS hat t*Hi |
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NOHTH STAR SOITW A«E tXCHANGE (NSSEJ LIBRARY DtNACOMP no~ diUEibstei the ti .oJv™ SSSE l.b.a.-> T>w« diikctin .uh ™ lUDitiRi )iiut [ot ihc purduic pnee They iKnild be p»n o[**er> ^>pnri Sui uMf foe deuili leiaiaiAj; mt tcnitna of the SS5E colkction |
ULt itM, pint |
ufki and bffta' *r 9u:- or-nlcPVNACOMP |
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n-.r compkEt TOllceiioTi my be pyrtftaied Iqi tM) ») |
STATISTICS and ENGINEERING
rtin: I» H Camiw 'U3.H DUnk
DItitTAL FILTER (AviU«bk Tor lU [{iiKpbWn)
DIGITAL FILTER " ■ (□rrptth-irg.rre dan pio^eiiinj, pr-PiJani ^hith prrniiit ihc uhi Eodcuir hii ovn riUei function ci choQK fiom a m«?L of Hlier 'mm. Th* riliir rorm air lubitttucnEly convtritd i.nlo iicr-tKurii>cc£iia>blMEii>ri [«Fri(:i»iii ■ hich ptTtnii rapid data procmiri in ihri atcijidi dmtn ni^idc eIic ihapc bf Ebc tirgvrnf:^ iitr.tjf. ftinciioq 11 ipceiTied by diieelty tnicnM pduiiia^^i in* da"td Tlici ni-->e In ihc !imj Enode, idei3 loo pui. hiil" paii aodbarulpauriliiT) taty bt appipiunatedio taJT^nt dn'cnKcordE^liDLhcnunbcf at|KXD.tiu(#duith«i:iJcijUiiOD T^cir rilEciiisai «hpidMII) alutH vnootlwd with a Humni furKtJCW In addition, nulu tia«« RuiEMviMih flhni mif br Kkticd Fnlurei of DIGITAL FILTER iivkdc plo<iin| of e^* dita brlDiF uJ ifiir fiJirrmi. u neLI u d'tplaj a( ihf (hoKn rioter fLnciiOM Alio includfd aif tDAi(n«ni d4ti iJ:pc«fe. 'riifiaJ and fdiiinf procrdain
DATA SMOOTHER |.N»L ■■lilBbk for Aliri) p>rm: llt.HCaMH IV.n DUmk
Thii ipr^ia! Jill irngoihini prppjam may be jied 19 r4pidl) drnvi uKful LnformiEiori Iio<n roiir buunnt and (ii|iruMrirbt d«ia vhifh tit 'f^Lalli' tpactd The lofiwaic riaiijiEi ciioif* iri littitt and itn|i' of fii, u. *ill u uniKiEriti] rir>< arid Ktond
diri''-aEJ>i cakuUtxin Alio LKjudtld it ajlOAiatjf (ibElirii □! the mpul dila anil vTOOlhtd tnjlll
FOI'RIER ANAL%'Z£Jt tA*illablt For iDfaapBtm) Frtn: »|i,HCwem lU.tfDUtn*
L'h thu piotran! Eo mmint ihe freqMn^ ipectii of Emjted d-jTctioa H(na34. The protfacn fcaLiirci lutcniixiK Kalini and HotiiaiQfiheiEpjt duauiiIrtijLj Praniu] ippJiiiiiooi iaclul< tlMaaalyui orcHnphcaird paEtFifli is luh fuldi u eke- icMiia. (oniiTiid.Diciijsni and buunoi
TEA Gnattv FhicUob AiAljur) rrk<; JlJ.MC^ww lU.M DUmu
Thii li k ipmd larxmmir pecjiair w'hJfh (T>4y be uted 10 e^aJuaif iht icanifcr tun^iioni ot ijiKmi tuch aj hi fJ amsliTrf 1 and rdiei) br r>im>iun| Itieii rr»ponte id pMlinJ npjti TTA it a cnijoE tiKjdifitaiion af FOUblUK ANALYZER and CH^nt4jni an rrt|Jn4Trini>arirnLed dtsit^l unut b| fr«qLfn<y plijn ai wril u data tdLiiii< iraHim « hrrtu FOURIEX ANALYZER ki dt- t-inrd r^ *duaiH)j^al and Krritir.i; ux. TPA 41 in 4r|;irHnin| iwl Available tor kll naapnitrt
HARMOMC ANALYZER (AtaUkbk tar ijl fonf^ltnl TUtr.SUMCMMttuOt.K DtaLitH
Harmqmc A.KALYZER >aj dni|iK<d fat ihc ipcctiiun aulytii of rrp«ii:ivt vaTifoimt fcaiuieiiiwliid* data ri>iTT>t-a t'fin, tdiiint and iicrafe rtiiic^aJu ^eU u daia lod ipKirun (diMtini Out ptiiitj^Mi\i jiigw Ifoliiy i) ihfiihr ippul d4ia ntfd noi be *fl.u*lly tr«:«d 01 n oidn Thr orlprai d«ii li mried and inbK ipliiw EnterpoliLiCD u used 10 neaE* the data fik
(r^iuinj by the FFT ajiiirnhm
R£CR£S&IO^ 1 lAf lUkhk foj all camp^ifnt rrhi: Ilf.fS Cmhim tU.WOUciir
REG.kLSSIO^■ 1 II a u/iiq^ and ei>Lrpiio<iaUy •etMiik onc-dnnnuior.!] kail i^Miti ''^ynonual" cuite fiiiini fe-attafti Fruycn intludt •et}' hi|h kcutk^. an auiomaiiE dqiM dfKriniAaiian cfriian. a« nimtKc iat.pn4) ibivi of fittii^ funt' )Lani, >d*ia tdutiai, 4.utoffl4iK data uj siiiir pli^tini, ■ iiaiiiiKkl apaJytii let tiandard .it^iaEion. cDiiriaijon iiotlTiCMntf m I ind nuKh mott In addntsn. rtr* riEimay br trwd wiBhoKi iKnEeiuif Uvdiii XECiRESSEON iKferikfU) iri* CQitvr iioitc ^[)|ram in an) daEa ar-aSyiii wfiniic Lbrarj
RCGRE;SS[0.S U (PARAFITI (Axil^bk Forall canputen^ Pitai ||*.*j«:^...ii./}U.H DMttk
PASAf IT Ii dmirnl tp handle ihoie eaiei lti which ihe pwatxtn aje i[nbedd*d {poiiibiy ronLn**!'!)') in ihr rininj tu.it^ iiH^n The uid limply uuehji^c fuiicijonai locm. lAdLditii trir !ia.-aiiiirir:s(A(]!, A|l). eE<,>a4one pi rripEe BASIC lEttensmt Lrwi DaiaandinulMd^) CvraamruLaKed and ploned anrnh REGRESSION I L'le XECRESSION I Idc pcJjnojnjil nrilatn ■Bd PARAFIT !w ihoM LcrriilicaEtd runciiarj.
Prtn: tU.KCHMH.UI.M Dumh
4<liMXl7ilhlfpcTulmiuiab[n Heiijn
dii:4 retry, tiorift. rrtiie^al and edit n| b< Litdeptndem laiiabln Thr nuiTib*f >af
MLLTIDNEAR REGRESSION IMLR) (A*>ibbk (or »U cDapttlcn)
MLR It ■ profeiiionaJ wftwaj't parkafe (O'l anaJyuni d«ia Wi (4Btiuiiti| t*o or 1
pcrfdinuni ihe tiu»c litreiii^n (.aLutaiidn, ihii proiirun ntw pmruJei etir if y
fiiiitiidni InAiMiijon, the UKt mr inirrofkicihrioJLjiitM by luppljiini >altiri ft
^arliblei and daia utt ii limiEtd c^nl> by ih* available nwrnary
HEGBESSEOS I, tl wd MLLltl IMLAJt HEORESSION r'i4y be pg-ctiueil IPiethet for l!l.« |eJit« ia^ieiEtil or Ifr] «
(EhPee dnlielieil
ANOVA (Ai'klltbkror^coMpVltfil PrtccUV.nCHWUSO.K DUHU
In \lit pan ihr ANOVA itaaliiu of taitvice] prcK«dun hai b«en Lmited 10 iBt iai'jc nuafianw timpivieEi So* DYSaCOMP hu biOL^TiE ih> pcr-er o[ i!i» inriimd to *ma:; i^yUenu, fw ilic« eonverunt ^lEh ANOVa. lie DYNACOMP uift*arepi4H:kafei»rlE>dniiii l-ay. :-way am! N -way prcKcdaia Abo proidfit a;t theYaEti 2*''' faEtoi^al dnjfiu Tpr ihOK unftmikar oiih ANOVAh do nM votr>. Tbt a«ompaiirin( dHumcnEainia wu written in 4 tutocitJ la>>iior (by a pro- Inior in Iht iuEin:t| and iai» u ap ricellcrl infioaluaiontq the lubjeel A«PiTipaii)ra| ANQVa 11 a lupjwrt profcajn ifor bycidini Ihf data biie. tiK-ludtd art locral .-ijnvenicni ffatiiiei includinj data edLiini, dmint and app«ndLr.|.
BASIC saENTinC St'BROirriNEiS, V4i|uo« 1 t»i I (Noi tkftOibk foi Aitfl)
DYSACOMP It ilw*ielmi>t dmribLiEsi lot the wftsiari fcrneJ la the popLLir teiti SAStC M'lE.VTJfJC JfflflOtT/VH, lo/aoHi I and J by F. Ruckdrachttitttadieni.Mmeaii >r^ b\ TL nujaiinti TneuiubtejEjan hm b«a auei^blcd lEEDrd-ai
10 cTtapttr IruluOcd laiUl cad) ntlMlion 11 ■ ratnu pri^tran which irlHli and drntonUr«.-« e*tA (ubrpuUnr
• I Collci^iioti *l: Chapicii 2 and ? ■ Daia aod I^utctioa 3k>iiin|, coci CoUccii^n #2: Chaftfri t - E.jienife^ iRatna and vc^^r Qperiti(nu. Colkeiion IJ: Chapieci 9 and i ■ Randozn a'.unber letKriLon (Pousoa. Gauiuhn. Prvt per colkction. SU 4^ Cautitd'IlS !J Pliktiu Ail ibrrr (TDiirttipiii «e 4v»jkbk Fw Jjy !l^ Hhree Miielktl und S*9.9J Ilhiee diiketteil
labki tttt furKijom..
Colkeiion (I
ColkClbOD tZ\
CdkciiofL r?
CoilfdiDn M
Chapter 1 ' Lintat, ^lyncnniaJ. EnuItidimeniioiuJ. parameKK kail tqiiam.
Ciaptei i • ^*nn appcaunaiion i(i:>iaiqu«i [econo«mutionH •
C^Apirr ) |i(iwiHiB«) appf-biimatiQiii